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From: Hiroki Sato <hrs@geocities.co.jp>
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Subject: [doc-jp 6819] <handbook> cutting-edge/chapter.sgml 1.30 -> 1.32 (part 2/7)
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$B:4F#!wEl5~M}2JBg3X$G$9!#(B

$BFs$DL\!#(B

+  <sect2>
+      <title>Update <filename>/etc/group</filename></title>
+      
+      <para>The <filename>/etc</filename> directory contains a large part of
+	your system's configuration information, as well as scripts that are
+	run at system startup.  Some of these scripts change from version to
+	version of FreeBSD.</para>
+
+      <para>Some of the configuration files are also used in the day to day
+	running of the system.  In particular,
+	<filename>/etc/group</filename>.</para>
+
+      <para>There have been occasions when the installation part of
+	<quote>make world</quote> has expected certain usernames or groups to
+	exist.  When performing an upgrade it is likely that these groups did
+	not exist. This caused problems when upgrading.</para>
+
+      <para>The most recent example of this is when the <quote/ppp/ group
+	(later renamed <quote/network/) was added.  Users had the installation
+	process fail for them when parts of the <filename>ppp</filename>
+	subsystem were installed using a non-existent (for them) group
+	name.</para>
+
+      <para>The solution is to examine <filename>/usr/src/etc/group</filename>
+	and compare its list of groups with your own.  If they are any groups
+	in the new file that are not in your file then copy them over.
+	Similarly, you should rename any groups in
+	<filename>/etc/group</filename> which have the same GID but a
+	different name to those in
+	<filename>/usr/src/etc/group</filename>.</para>
+
+      <tip>
+	<para>If you are feeling particularly paranoid, you can check your
+	  system to see which files are owned by the group you are renaming or
+	  deleting.</para>
+	
+	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>find / -group <replaceable>GID</replaceable> -print</userinput></screen>
+	
+	<para>will show all files owned by group <replaceable>GID</replaceable>
+	  (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID).</para>
+      </tip>
+    </sect2>
+    
+    <sect2>
+      <title/Drop to single user mode/
+      
+      <para>You may want to compile the system in single user mode.  Apart
+	from the obvious benefit of making things go slightly faster,
+	reinstalling the system will touch a lot of important system files,
+	all the standard system binaries, libraries, include files and so on.
+	Changing these on a  running system (particularly if you have active
+	users on their at the time) is asking for trouble.</para>
+
+      <para>That said, if you are confident, you can omit this step.</para>
+      
+      <note>
+	<title>Version 2.2.5 and above</title>
+	
+	<para>As described in more detail below, versions 2.2.5 and above of
+	  FreeBSD have separated the building process from the installing
+	  process.  You can therefore <emphasis>build</emphasis> the new
+	  system in multi user mode, and then drop to single user mode to do
+	  the installation.</para>
+      </note>
+      
+      <para>As the superuser, you can execute
+	
+	<screen>&prompt.root; <userinput/shutdown now/</screen>
+	
+	from a running system, which will drop it to single user mode.</para>
+      
+      <para>Alternatively, reboot the system, and at the boot prompt, enter
+	the <option>-s</option> flag.  The system will then boot single user.
+	At the shell prompt you should then run:</para>
+
+      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>fsck -p</userinput>
+&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -u /</userinput>
+&prompt.root; <userinput>mount -a -t ufs</userinput>
+&prompt.root; <userinput>swapon -a</userinput></screen>
+
+      <para>This checks the filesystems, remounts <filename>/</filename>
+	read/write, mounts all the other UFS filesystems referenced in
+	<filename>/etc/fstab</filename> and then turns swapping on.</para>
+    </sect2>
+    
+    <sect2>
+      <title>Remove <filename>/usr/obj</filename></title>
+      
+      <para>As parts of the system are rebuilt they are placed in directories
+	which (by default) go under <filename>/usr/obj</filename>.  The
+	directories shadow those under <filename>/usr/src</filename>.</para>
+      
+      <para>You can speed up the <quote>make world</quote> process, and
+	possibly  save yourself some dependency headaches by removing this
+	directory as well.</para>
+
+      <para>Some files below <filename>/usr/obj</filename> will have the
+	immutable flag set (see <command>chflags(1)</command> for more
+	information) which must be removed first.</para>
+
+      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /usr/obj</userinput>
+&prompt.root; <userinput>chflags -R noschg *</userinput>
+&prompt.root; <userinput>rm -rf *</userinput></screen>
+    </sect2>
+

--
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