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$B$9$.$`$i$G$9!#(B

>$B$7$P$i$/7P$C$F$bJV;v$,$J$$$h$&$G$9$N$G!"$o$?$7$,$d$j$^$9!#(B
>

$B$d$j$^$7$?!#(B

facility $B$NLu$,MI$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
$B%+!<%M%k$O$h$/$o$+$i$J$$$N$G!"8mLu$,$"$k$H;W$$$^$9!#(B

$B$h$m$7$/$*4j$$$7$^$9!#(B


# $B%+!<%M%k$K$D$$$F$O3X@8;~Be$K:=86@h@8$N<x6H$,$"$j$^$7$?$,!"(B
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---
  $B!{!?(B $B!A(BCheering FreeBSD and Morning Musume$B!#!A(B
$B!c""(B   $B?yB<(B $B5.;N(B <sugimura@jp.FreeBSD.org> <sugimura@YasudaKei.org>
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    <sect1>
      <title>4.4BSD Facilities and the Kernel</title>
      <title>4.4BSD $B$N5!G=$H%+!<%M%k(B</title>
      
      <para>The 4.4BSD kernel provides four basic facilities:
	processes,
	a filesystem,
	communications, and
	system startup.
	This section outlines where each of these four basic services
	is described in this book.</para>
      <para>4.4BSD $B%+!<%M%k$O(B 4 $B$D$N4pK\5!G=$rDs6!$7$^$9(B.
	$B%W%m%;%9(B, $B%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`(B, $B%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s(B, $B$=$7$F%7%9%F%`$N5/F0$G$9(B.
	$B$3$N%;%/%7%g%s$G$O$=$N(B 4 $B$D$N4pK\%5!<%S%9$N$=$l$>$l$K$D$$$F(B
	$B$3$NK\$G=q$+$l$F$$$k$3$H$r>R2p$7$^$9(B.</para>
    
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
	  <para>Processes constitute a thread of control in an address space.
	    Mechanisms for creating, terminating, and otherwise
	    controlling processes are described in
	    Chapter 4.
	    The system multiplexes separate virtual-address spaces
	    for each process;
	    this memory management is discussed in
	    Chapter 5.</para>
	  <para>$B%W%m%;%9$O%"%I%l%96u4V>e$G$N%3%s%H%m!<%k$NN.$l$r9=@.$7$^$9(B.
	    $B@8@.$d=*N;$d$=$NB>$N%W%m%;%9$r%3%s%H%m!<%k$9$k$?$a$N;EAH$_$O(B
	    4 $B>O$K=R$Y$^$9(B. $B%7%9%F%`$O3F%W%m%;%9$N8DJL$N2>A[%"%I%l%96u4V$r(B
	    $BB?=E2=$7$^$9(B. $B$3$N%a%b%j4IM}$K$D$$$F$O(B 5 $B>O$G5DO@$7$^$9(B.</para>
      </listitem>
	
      <listitem>
	  <para>The user interface to the filesystem and devices is similar;
	    common aspects are discussed in
	    Chapter 6.
	    The filesystem is a set of named files, organized in a tree-structured
	    hierarchy of directories, and of operations to manipulate them,
	    as presented in
	    Chapter 7.
	    Files reside on physical media such as disks.
	    4.4BSD supports several organizations of data on the disk,
	    as set forth in
	    Chapter 8.
	    Access to files on remote machines is the subject of
	    Chapter 9.
	    Terminals are used to access the system; their operation is
	    the subject of
	    Chapter 10.</para>
	  <para>$B%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$H%G%P%$%9$X$N%f!<%6%$%s%?%U%'!<%9$O;w$F$$$^$9(B.
	    $B6&DL$NFCD'$K$D$$$F$O(B 6 $B>O$G5DO@$7$^$9(B. 
	    $B%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$O%G%#%l%/%H%j$,LZ9=B$$K$J$C$?3,AX$GAH?%$5$l$?(B
	    $BL>A0IU$-$N%U%!%$%k$H(B, $B$=$l$i$rA`:n$9$k$?$a$N%*%Z%l!<%7%g%s(B
	    $B$+$i$J$j$^$9(B. $B$=$l$O(B 7 $B>O$G<($7$^$9(B.
	    $B%U%!%$%k$O%G%#%9%/$N$h$&$JJ*M}E*$J%a%G%#%">e$KB8:_$7$^$9(B.
	    4.4BSD $B$O%G%#%9%/>e$N%G!<%?$N$$$/$D$+$N9=@.$r%5%]!<%H$7$F$*$j(B,
	    $B$=$l$O(B 8 $B>O$NCf$G=R$Y$^$9(B.
	    $B1s3V%^%7%s>e$N%U%!%$%k$X$N%"%/%;%9$K$D$$$F$O(B 9 $B>O$G$9(B.
	    $BC<Kv$O%7%9%F%`$K%"%/%;%9$9$k$?$a$K;nMQ$5$l$^$9(B.
	    $B$=$l$i$N;H$$J}$K$D$$$F$O(B 10 $B>O$N<gBj$H$J$C$F$$$^$9(B.</para>
	</listitem>
	
	<listitem>
	  <para>Communication mechanisms provided by traditional UNIX systems include
	    simplex reliable byte streams between related processes (see pipes,
	    Section 11.1),
	    and notification of exceptional events (see signals,
	    Section 4.7).
	    4.4BSD also has a general interprocess-communication facility.
	    This facility, described in
	    Chapter 11,
	    uses access mechanisms distinct from those of the filesystem,
	    but, once a connection is set up, a process can access it
	    as though it were a pipe.
	    There is a general networking framework,
	    discussed in
	    Chapter 12,
	    that is normally used as a layer underlying the
	    IPC
	    facility.
	    Chapter 13
	    describes a particular networking implementation in detail.</para>
	  <para>$B=>Mh$N(B UNIX $B$K$h$C$FDs6!$5$l$k%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s$N;EAH$_$O(B,
	    $B4XO"$9$k%W%m%;%9(B($B%;%/%7%g%s(B 11.1 $B%Q%$%W$r;2>H(B)$B4V$N(B
	    $BC1=c$J?.Mj$G$-$k%P%$%H$NN.$l(B, $B$*$h$SNc30E*$J%$%Y%s%H$NDLCN(B
	    (Section 4.7 $B%7%0%J%k$r;2>H(B)$B$r4^$s$G$$$^$9(B.
	    4.4BSD $B$O$5$i$K0lHLE*$JAj8_%W%m%;%9%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s$N5!9=$r(B
	    $BHw$($F$$$^$9(B.
	    11 $B>O$K=R$Y$k$3$N5!9=$O%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$N$b$N$H$O0[$J$k(B
	    $B%"%/%;%9$N;EAH$_$r;HMQ$7$^$9$,(B, $B0lEY@\B3$,3NN)$5$l$l$P(B,
	    $B$=$l$O$"$?$+$b%Q%$%W$G$"$k$+$N$h$&$K(B, 
	    $B%W%m%;%9$O$=$l$K%"%/%;%9$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9(B.
	    12 $B>O$G5DO@$5$l$F$$$k0lHLE*$J%M%C%H%o!<%/$N%U%l!<%`%o!<%/$O(B,
	    $BDL>o$O(B IPC $B$N;EAH$_$N4pK\%l%$%d$H$7$F;H$o$l$F$$$^$9(B.
	    13 $B>O$G$O$"$kFCDj$N%M%C%H%o!<%/$N<BAu$K$D$$$F>\:Y$K=R$Y$^$9(B.</para>
	</listitem>
	
	<listitem>
	  <para>Any real operating system has operational issues, such as how to
	    start it running.
	    Startup and operational issues are described in
	    Chapter 14.</para>
	  <para>$B$$$+$J$k<B:]$N%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`$K$b(B, 
	    $B$I$N$h$&$K5/F0$9$k$+$H$$$&$h$&$J1?MQ>e$NOCBj$,$"$j$^$9(B.
	    14 $B>O$G$O5/F0;~$d1?MQ>e$NOCBj$K$D$$$F=R$Y$^$9(B.</para>
	</listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>Sections 2.3 through 2.14 present introductory
	material related to Chapters 3 through 14.
	We shall define terms, mention basic system calls,
	and explore historical developments.
	Finally, we shall give the reasons for many major design decisions.</para>
      <para>$B%;%/%7%g%s(B 2.3 $B$+$i(B 2.14 $B$O(B 3 $B>O$+$i(B 14 $B>O$K4X78$9$k>R2p;qNA$G$9(B.
	$B$o$l$o$l$OMQ8l$rDj5A$7(B, $B4pK\E*$J%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$K8@5Z$7(B,
	$B$=$7$F3+H/$NNr;K$K$D$$$FD4::$7$F$$$-$^$9(B.
	$B:G8e$K(B, $B$o$l$o$l$OB?$/$N<g$J@_7W7hDj$NM}M3$r<($7$^$9(B.</para>
      
      <sect2>
	<title>The Kernel</title>
	<title>$B%+!<%M%k(B</title>

	<para>The
	  <emphasis>kernel</emphasis>
	  is the part of the system that runs in protected mode and mediates
	  access by all user programs to the underlying hardware (e.g.,
	  CPU,
	  disks, terminals, network links)
	  and software constructs
	  (e.g., filesystem, network protocols).
	  The kernel provides the basic system facilities;
	  it creates and manages processes,
	  and provides functions to access the filesystem
	  and communication facilities.
	  These functions, called
	  <emphasis>system calls</emphasis>
	  appear to user processes as library subroutines.
	  These system calls are the only interface
	  that processes have to these facilities.
	  Details of the system-call mechanism are given in
	  Chapter 3,
	  as are descriptions of several kernel mechanisms that do not execute
	  as the direct result of a process doing a system call.</para>
	<para><emphasis>$B%+!<%M%k(B</emphasis> $B$O%W%m%F%/%H%b!<%I$GF0:n$7(B,
	  $B$9$Y$F$N%f!<%6%W%m%0%i%`$,4pK\E*$J%O!<%I%&%'%"(B
	  ($BNc$($P(B CPU, $B%G%#%9%/(B, $BC<Kv(B, $B%M%C%H%o!<%/@\B35!4o(B) $B$*$h$S(B
	  $B%=%U%H%&%'%"$r9=@.$9$k$b$N(B ($BNc$($P(B $B%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`(B,
	  $B%M%C%H%o!<%/%W%m%H%3%k(B) $B$X$N%"%/%;%9$r2r7h$7$^$9(B.
	  $B%+!<%M%k$O4pACE*$J%7%9%F%`$N5!G=$rDs6!$7$^$9(B.
	  $B$=$l$O%W%m%;%9$r@8@.$7$F4IM}$r9T$$(B, $B%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$X$N%"%/%;%95!G=$d(B
	  $B%3%_%e%K%1!<%7%g%s5!G=$rDs6!$7$^$9(B.
	  <emphasis>$B%7%9%F%`%3!<%k(B</emphasis> $B$H8F$P$l$k$3$l$i$N5!G=$O(B
	  $B%i%$%V%i%j$N%5%V%k!<%A%s$H$7$F%f!<%6%W%m%;%9$K8=$l$^$9(B.
	  $B$3$l$i$N%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$O%W%m%;%9$,$3$l$i$N5!G=$KBP$7$F;}$C$F$$$k(B
	  $BM#0l$N%$%s%?%U%'!<%9$G$9(B.
	  $B%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$N;EAH$_$K$D$$$F$O(B,
	  $B%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$r9T$&%W%m%;%9$ND>@\$N7k2L$H$7$F<B9T$5$l$J$$(B
	  $B$$$/$D$+$N%+!<%M%k$N;EAH$_$KBP$9$k@bL@$H$7$F(B 3 $B>O$G=R$Y$^$9(B.</para>

	<para>A
	  <emphasis>kernel</emphasis>
	  in traditional operating-system terminology,
	  is a small nucleus of software that
	  provides only the minimal facilities necessary for implementing
	  additional operating-system services.
	  In contemporary research operating systems -- such as
	  Chorus
	  <xref linkend="biblio-rozier">,
	  Mach
	  <xref linkend="biblio-accetta">,
	  Tunis
	  <xref linkend="biblio-ewens">,
	  and the
	  V Kernel
	  <xref linkend="biblio-cheriton"> --
	  this division of functionality is more than just a logical one.
	  Services such as filesystems and networking protocols are
	  implemented as client application processes of the nucleus or kernel.</para>
	<para>$B=>Mh$N%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`$NMQ8l$K$*$1$k(B
	  <emphasis>$B%+!<%M%k(B</emphasis> $B$H$O(B,
	  $B%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`$K%5!<%S%9$rDI2C$9$k<BAu$r9T$&$?$a$KI,MW$J(B
	  $B:G>.8B$N;EAH$_$@$1$rDs6!$9$k%=%U%H%&%'%"$N>.$5$J3K$H$J$kItJ,$N$3$H$G$9(B.
	  $BF1;~Be$N%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`$N8&5f$G$O(B, $BNc$($P(B
	  Chorus
	  <xref linkend="biblio-rozier">,
	  Mach
	  <xref linkend="biblio-accetta">,
	  Tunis
	  <xref linkend="biblio-ewens">,
	  $B$=$7$F(B
	  V Kernel
	  <xref linkend="biblio-cheriton"> $B$G$O(B,
	  $B$3$N5!G=$K$h$k6hJ,$,O@M}E*$J6hJ,$h$j$bBg$-$J$b$N$K$J$C$F$$$^$9(B.
	  $B%U%!%$%k%7%9%F%`$d%M%C%H%o!<%/%W%m%H%3%k$H$$$C$?%5!<%S%9$O(B,
	  $B$=$N3K$b$7$/$O%+!<%M%k$N%/%i%$%"%s%H%"%W%j%1!<%7%g%s%W%m%;%9$H$7$F(B
	  $B<BAu$5$l$F$$$^$9(B.</para>
	
	<para>The
	  4.4BSD kernel is not partitioned into multiple processes.
	  This basic design decision was made in the earliest versions of UNIX.
	  The first two implementations by
	  Ken Thompson had no memory mapping,
	  and thus made no hardware-enforced distinction
	  between user and kernel space
	  <xref linkend="biblio-ritchie">.
	  A message-passing system could have been implemented as readily
	  as the actually implemented model of kernel and user processes.
	  The monolithic kernel was chosen for simplicity and performance.
	  And the early kernels were small;
	  the inclusion of facilities such as networking
	  into the kernel has increased its size.
	  The current trend in operating-systems research
	  is to reduce the kernel size by placing
	  such services in user space.</para>
	<para>4.4BSD $B%+!<%M%k$OJ#?t$N%W%m%;%9$K$OJ,3d$5$l$^$;$s(B.
	  $B$3$N4pK\@_7W$N7hDj$O(B UNIX $B$N:G$b8E$$%P!<%8%g%s$G9T$o$l$^$7$?(B.
	  Ken Thompson $B$K$h$C$F9T$o$l$?=i$a$N(B 2 $B$D$N<BAu$G$O(B
	  $B%a%b%j%^%C%T%s%0$,$J$/(B,
	  $B%f!<%6$*$h$S%+!<%M%k6u4V$N%O!<%I%&%'%"$K$h$k6hJL$r$7$^$;$s$G$7$?(B.
	  <xref linkend="biblio-ritchie">.
	  $B%a%C%;!<%8EAC#%7%9%F%`$O%+!<%M%k$d%f!<%6%W%m%;%9$G<B:]$K<BAu$5$l$?$N$H(B
	  $BF1$8$/$i$$MF0W$K<BAu$G$-$?$O$:$G$9(B.
	  $BC1=c2=$H@-G=$N$?$a$K%b%N%7%j%C%/%+!<%M%k$,A*$P$l$^$7$?(B.
	  $B$=$7$F=i4|$N%+!<%M%k$O>.$5$+$C$?$G$9(B.
	  $B%M%C%H%o!<%/$N$h$&$J5!G=$rDI2C$9$k$3$H$G(B,
	  $B%+!<%M%k$O$I$s$I$sBg$-$/$J$C$F$$$-$^$7$?(B.
	  $B8=:_$N%*%Z%l!<%F%#%s%0%7%9%F%`$N8&5f$N:G@hC<$G$O(B
	  $B$=$N$h$&$J%5!<%S%9$r%f!<%66u4V$KCV$/$3$H$G(B
	  $B%+!<%M%k$NBg$-$5$r8:$i$=$&$H$9$k798~$K$"$j$^$9(B.</para>
	
	<para>Users ordinarily interact with the system through a command-language
	  interpreter, called a
	  <emphasis>shell</emphasis>,
	  and perhaps through additional user application programs.
	  Such programs and the shell are implemented with processes.
	  Details of such programs are beyond the scope of this book,
	  which instead concentrates almost exclusively on the kernel.</para>
	<para>$B%f!<%6$ODL>o$O(B <emphasis>$B%7%'%k(B</emphasis> $B$H8F$P$l$k(B
	  $B%3%^%s%I8@8l%$%s%?%W%j%?$d(B, 
	  $BDI2C$5$l$?%f!<%6%"%W%j%1!<%7%g%s%W%m%0%i%`$rDL$7$F%7%9%F%`$HBPOC$7$^$9(B.
	  $B$=$N$h$&$J%W%m%0%i%`$d%7%'%k$O%W%m%;%9$H$7$F<BAu$5$l$F$$$^$9(B.
	  $B$=$l$i$N%W%m%0%i%`$N>\:Y$K$D$$$F$O$3$NK\$NHO0O$rD6$($^$9$N$G(B,
	  $B$=$NBe$o$j$K(B, $B%+!<%M%k$K$D$$$F$[$H$s$IGSB>E*$K(B
	  $B@lG0$7$F$$$/$3$H$K$7$^$9(B.</para>
	
	<para>Sections 2.3 and 2.4
	  describe the services provided by the 4.4BSD kernel,
	  and give an overview of the latter's design.
	  Later chapters describe the detailed design and implementation of these
	  services as they appear in 4.4BSD.</para>
	<para>$B%;%/%7%g%s(B 2.3 $B$d(B 2.4 $B$G$O(B
	  4.4BSD $B%+!<%M%k$K$h$C$FDs6!$5$l$k%5!<%S%9$d(B,
	  $B:G6a$N@_7W$N35MW$r=R$Y$^$9(B.
	  $B8e$N>O$G$O(B 4.4BSD $B$K8=$l$k$=$l$i$N%5!<%S%9$K$D$$$F(B,
	  $B>\:Y$J@_7W$H<BAu$r@bL@$7$^$9(B.</para>
      </sect2>
    </sect1>

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