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Date: Sat, 11 Nov 2000 02:15:50 +0900
From: OHSAWA Chitoshi <ohsawa@catv1.ccn-net.ne.jp>
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$BBg_7!w4tIl$G$9!#(B

tcsh.1 P31 $B$N%A%'%C%/$G$9!#(B
$B5?LdE@$O$9$Y$F(B man-jp $B$KEj$2$F=$@5$7$^$7$?!#(B
$B$"$H$O;zLL$N=$@5(B ($B2~9T0LCV$J$I(B) $B$J$I>/!9$G$9!#(B

$BA4J8$rAw$j$^$9!#(B 
----$B$3$3$+$i(B-----$B:G8e$^$G(B-------------------------------------------------
.SS $B%3%^%s%I(B
.\" The next three sections describe how the shell executes commands and
.\" deals with their input and output.
$B<!$N(B3$B$D$N%;%/%7%g%s$G$O!"%7%'%k$,$I$N$h$&$K%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$7!"(B
$B$=$l$i$NF~=PNO$r$I$N$h$&$K07$&$+$r@bL@$7$^$9!#(B
.SS $BC1=c%3%^%s%I!"%Q%$%W%i%$%s!"%3%^%s%INs(B
.\" A simple command is a sequence of words, the first of which specifies the
.\" command to be executed.  A series of simple commands joined by `|' characters
.\" forms a pipeline.  The output of each command in a pipeline is connected to the
.\" input of the next.
$BC1=c%3%^%s%I$O!"C18l$NNs$G$"$j!"(B
$B$=$N:G=i$NC18l$,<B9T$5$l$k%3%^%s%I$G$9!#(B
`|' $BJ8;z$K$h$C$F6h@Z$i$l$?0lO"$NC1=c%3%^%s%I$O(B
$B%Q%$%W%i%$%s$r7A@.$7$^$9!#(B
$B%Q%$%W%i%$%sFb$N$=$l$>$l$N%3%^%s%I$N=PNO$O<!$N%3%^%s%I$N(B
$BF~NO$K@\B3$5$l$^$9!#(B
.PP
.\" Simple commands and pipelines may be joined into sequences with `;', and will
.\" be executed sequentially.  Commands and pipelines can also be joined into
.\" sequences with `||' or `&&', indicating, as in the C language, that the second
.\" is to be executed only if the first fails or succeeds respectively.
$BC1=c%3%^%s%I$H%Q%$%W%i%$%s$O(B `;' $BJ8;z$r;H$C$F(B
$B%3%^%s%INs$KAH$_F~$l$k$3$H$,$G$-!"JB$s$G$$$k=g$K<B9T$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B%3%^%s%I$H%Q%$%W%i%$%s$O(B `||' $B$d(B `&&' $B$G%3%^%s%INs$K(B
$BAH$_9~$`$3$H$b$G$-!"(BC $B8@8l$G07$o$l$k$N$HF1MM$K!"(B
$B:G=i$N%3%^%s%I$,<:GT$7$?;~$K$@$1(B (`||'$B$N>l9g(B)$B!"(B
$B$"$k$$$O@.8y$7$?;~$K$@$1(B (`&&'$B$N>l9g(B)$B!"<!$N%3%^%s%I$,<B9T$5$l$^$9!#(B
.PP
.\" A simple command, pipeline or sequence may be placed in parentheses, `()',
.\" to form a simple command, which may in turn be a component of a pipeline or
.\" sequence.  A command, pipeline or sequence can be executed
.\" without waiting for it to terminate by following it with an `&'.
$BC1=c%3%^%s%I!"%Q%$%W%i%$%s!"$^$?$O%3%^%s%INs$O!"(B
$B3g8L(B`()' $B$r;H$C$FC1=c%3%^%s%I$r7A@.$9$k$3$H$,$G$-!"(B
$B%Q%$%W%i%$%s$d%3%^%s%INs$N0lIt$H$7$F;HMQ$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B%3%^%s%I!"%Q%$%W%i%$%s!"$^$?$O%3%^%s%INs$N8e$K(B `&' $B$r(B
$BCV$$$F<B9T$9$k$H!"$=$N%3%^%s%I$N=*N;$rBT$?$:$K(B
$B<!$N%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$G$-$^$9!#(B
.SS "$BAH$_9~$_%3%^%s%I!"HsAH$_9~$_%3%^%s%I$N<B9T(B"
.\" Builtin commands are executed within the shell.  
$BAH$_9~$_%3%^%s%I$O!"%7%'%k$NCf$G<B9T$5$l$^$9!#(B
.\" If any component of a pipeline except the last is
.\" a builtin command, the pipeline is executed in a subshell.
$B%Q%$%W%i%$%s$N9=@.MWAG$N:G8e0J30$,AH$_9~$_%3%^%s%I$N$H$-!"(B
$B%Q%$%W%i%$%s$O!"%5%V%7%'%kFb$G<B9T$5$l$^$9!#(B
.PP
.\" Parenthesized commands are always executed in a subshell.
$B3g8L$G3g$i$l$?%3%^%s%I$O!">o$K%5%V%7%'%kFb$G<B9T$5$l$^$9!#(B
.IP "" 4
(cd; pwd); pwd
.PP
.\" thus prints the \fBhome\fR directory, leaving you where you were
.\" (printing this after the home directory), while
$B$3$l$O!"8=:_$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$r0\F0$9$k$3$H$J$/$/(B\fB$B%[!<%`(B\fR
$B%G%#%l%/%H%j$rI=<((B ($B$=$N8e$K8=:_$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$rI=<((B) $B$7!"(B
$B$=$N0lJ}!"(B
.IP "" 4
cd; pwd
.PP
.\" leaves you in the \fBhome\fR directory.  Parenthesized commands are most often
.\" used to prevent \fIcd\fR from affecting the current shell.
$B$3$N>l9g$O(B\fB$B%[!<%`(B\fR$B%G%#%l%/%H%j$K0\F0$7$^$9!#(B
$B3g8L$G3g$i$l$?%3%^%s%I$O!"$?$$$F$$(B \fIcd\fR $B$,8=:_$N%7%'%k$K(B
$B1F6A$9$k$N$rKI$0$?$a$K;HMQ$7$^$9!#(B
.PP
.\" When a command to be executed is found not to be a builtin command the shell
.\" attempts to execute the command via \fIexecve\fR(2).  Each word in the variable
.\" \fBpath\fR names a directory in which the shell will look for the
.\" command.  If it is given neither a \fB\-c\fR nor a \fB\-t\fR option, the shell
.\" hashes the names in these directories into an internal table so that it will
.\" try an \fIexecve\fR(2) in only a directory where there is a possibility that the
.\" command resides there.  This greatly speeds command location when a large
.\" number of directories are present in the search path.  If this mechanism has
.\" been turned off (via \fIunhash\fR), if the shell was given a \fB\-c\fR or
.\" \fB\-t\fR argument or in any case for each directory component of \fBpath\fR
.\" which does not begin with a `/', the shell concatenates the current working
.\" directory with the given command name to form a path name of a file which it
.\" then attempts to execute.
$B<B9T$9$k%3%^%s%I$,AH$_9~$_%3%^%s%I$G$J$$$3$H$,H=L@$9$k$H!"(B
$B%7%'%k$O$=$N%3%^%s%I$r(B \fIexecve\fR(2) $B$rDL$8$F<B9T$7$h$&$H$7$^$9!#(B
$B4D6-JQ?t(B \fBpath\fR $BFb$N3F8l$O!"%7%'%k$,%3%^%s%I$r8!:w$9$k(B
$B%G%#%l%/%H%j$r;XDj$7$^$9!#(B
\fB\-c\fR$B!"(B\fB\-t\fR $B%*%W%7%g%s$N$$$:$l$b;XDj$5$l$F$$$J$$>l9g!"(B
$B$3$l$i$N%G%#%l%/%H%jFb$NL>A0$rFbIt%F!<%V%k$G%O%C%7%e$7!"(B
$B$=$N%3%^%s%I$,B8:_$9$k2DG=@-$N$"$k%G%#%l%/%H%j$@$1$G(B
\fIexecve\fR(2) $B$N<B9T$r;n$_$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N$3$H$O!"8!:w%Q%9Fb$N%G%#%l%/%H%j$N?t$,B?$$>l9g$K!"(B
$B%3%^%s%I$N0LCV3NDj$rBg$$$K9bB.2=$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N5!9=$,(B (\fIunhash\fR $B$K$h$C$F(B) $B%*%U$K$5$l!"(B
$B%7%'%k$K(B \fB\-c\fR $B$^$?$O(B \fB\-t\fR $B$N%*%W%7%g%s$,M?$($i$l$k$+!"(B
$B$=$l$>$l$N(B \fBpath\fR $B$N%G%#%l%/%H%j9=@.MWAG$N$$$:$l$+$,(B
`/' $B$G;O$^$C$F$$$J$$>l9g!"%7%'%k$O8=:_$N:n6H%G%#%l%/%H%j$H(B
$BM?$($i$l$?%3%^%s%IL>$r7k9g$7$F<B9T$9$k%U%!%$%k$N%Q%9L>$r7A@.$7$^$9!#(B
.PP
.\" If the file has execute permissions but is not an executable to the system
.\" (i.e., it is neither an executable binary nor a script that specifies its
.\" interpreter), then it is assumed to be a file containing shell commands and
.\" a new shell is spawned to read it.  The \fIshell\fR special alias may be set
.\" to specify an interpreter other than the shell itself.
$B%U%!%$%k$K<B9T5v2D$G$"$C$F%7%9%F%`$,<B9T2DG=$G$O$J$$>l9g!"(B
($BNc(B : $B<B9T2DG=%P%$%J%j!"%$%s%?%W%j%s%?$r;XDj$7$?%9%/%j%W%H(B
$B$G$O$J$$$H$-(B)$B!"$=$l$r%7%'%k%3%^%s%I$r4^$`%U%!%$%k$G$"$k$H$_$J$7!"(B
$B?7$7$$%7%'%k$r5/F0$7$F$=$N%U%!%$%k$rFI$_9~$_$^$9!#(B
\fI$B%7%'%k(B\fR$B$NFC<l$J%(%$%j%"%9$G!"%7%'%k<+BN$G$O$J$/%$%s%?%W%j%?$r(B
$B;XDj$9$k$h$&$K@_Dj$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
.PP
.\" On systems which do not understand the `#!' script interpreter convention
.\" the shell may be compiled to emulate it; see the \fBversion\fR shell
.\" variable\fR.  If so, the shell checks the first line of the file to
.\" see if it is of the form `#!\fIinterpreter\fR \fIarg\fR ...'.  If it is,
.\" the shell starts \fIinterpreter\fR with the given \fIarg\fRs and feeds the
.\" file to it on standard input.
$B47=,E*$J!F(B#!' $B%9%/%j%W%H%$%s%?%W%j%?$rM}2r$7$J$$%7%9%F%`>e$G$O!"(B
$B%7%'%k$O$=$l$r%(%_%e%l!<%H$9$k$h$&$K%3%s%Q%$%k$5$l$^$9(B ; $B%7%'%kJQ?t(B
\fBversion\fR $B$r;2>H!#(B
$B$=$N>l9g!"%7%'%k$,%U%!%$%k$N:G=i$N9T$r%A%'%C%/$7!"$=$l$,(B
`#!\fIinterpreter\fR \fIarg\fR ...' $B$N7A<0$G$"$k$+$I$&$+$r(B
$B3NG'$7$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N7A<0$G$"$l$P!"%7%'%k$OM?$($i$l$?(B\fI$B0z?t(B\fR$B$H$H$b$K(B
\fI$B%$%s%?%W%j%?(B\fR$B$r5/F0$7$F!"$=$N%U%!%$%k$rI8=`F~NO$K6!5k$7$^$9!#(B
.\"
.\" Copy from csh.1---- start
.\"
.SS $BF~=PNO(B
$B%3%^%s%I$NI8=`F~NO$HI8=`=PNO$O0J2<$NJ8K!$K=>$C$F(B
$B%j%@%$%l%/%H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9(B:
.PP
.PD 0
.TP 8
< \fIname
$B%U%!%$%k(B \fIname\fR ($BJQ?t!"%3%^%s%I!"%U%!%$%kL>E83+$r<u$1$^$9(B)
$B$r%*!<%W%s$7!"%3%^%s%I$NI8=`F~NO$H$7$^$9!#(B
.TP 8
<< \fIword
\fIword\fR $B$HF10l$N9T$,=P8=$9$k$^$G!"%7%'%k$NF~NO$rFI$_9~$_$^$9!#(B
\fIword\fR $B$OJQ?t!"%U%!%$%kL>!"%3%^%s%ICV49$r<u$1$^$;$s!#(B
$B%7%'%kF~NO$N9T$OFI$_9~$^$l$k$H$9$0!"CV49$r9T$&A0$K(B
\fIword\fR $B$HHf3S$5$l$^$9!#(B\fIword\fR $B$K(B `\e', `"', `'', ``'
$B$N%/%)!<%H$,=P8=$7$J$1$l$P!"9T$NCf$G%3%^%s%ICV49$,<B9T$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B$3$NCV49$rM^@)$9$k$?$a$K!"(B`\e' $B$K$h$C$F(B
`$', `\e', ``' $B$r%/%)!<%H$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#%3%^%s%ICV49$K$*$$$F!"(B
$B$9$Y$F$N6uGr!"%?%V!"2~9T$OJ]B8$5$l$^$9$,!":G8e$N2~9T$O:o=|$5$l$^$9!#(B
$BFI$_9~$s$@9T$O$9$Y$F%F%s%]%i%j%U%!%$%k$KJ]B8$5$l!"(B
$B%3%^%s%I$NI8=`F~NO$H$7$FMQ$$$i$l$^$9!#(B
.PP
> \fIname
.br
>! \fIname
.br
>& \fIname
.TP 8
>&! \fIname
$B%U%!%$%k(B \fIname\fR $B$rI8=`=PNO$H$7$FMQ$$$^$9!#(B
$B%U%!%$%k$,B8:_$7$J$1$l$P:n@.$5$l$^$9!#$9$G$K%U%!%$%k$,B8:_$9$l$P(B
$B$=$NFbMF$O@Z$j<N$F$i$l!"0JA0$NFbMF$O<:$o$l$^$9!#(B
.RS +8
.PD
.PP
$B%7%'%kJQ?t(B \fBnoclobber\fR $B$,%;%C%H$5$l$F$$$k>l9g!"(B
$B%U%!%$%k$,B8:_$7$J$$$+J8;z7?FC<l%U%!%$%k(B
($BC<Kv$d(B `/dev/null' $B$N$h$&$J(B) $B$G$J$1$l$P(B
$B%(%i!<$K$J$j$^$9!#$3$l$O!"$9$G$KB8:_$9$k%U%!%$%k$r4V0c$($F(B
$B:o=|$7$F$7$^$&$3$H$rKI;_$7$^$9!#(B`!' $B$rMQ$$$?7A<0$r;H$&$H!"(B
$B$3$N8!::$rM^@)$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
.PP
.\" jp-man: csh.1 -> tcsh.1
.\" standard error($BI8=`%(%i!<(B) -> diagnostic($B?GCG%a%C%;!<%8(B)
`&' $B$rMQ$$$?7A<0$G$O!"I8=`=PNO$H$H$b$K?GCG%a%C%;!<%8(B
$B=PNO$b%U%!%$%k$X%j%@%$%l%/%H$5$l$^$9!#(B \fIname\fR $B$O!"(B`<' $B$N(B
$BF~NO%U%!%$%kL>$N>l9g$HF1MM$NE83+$r<u$1$^$9!#(B
.PD 0
.RE
.PP
>> \fIname
.br
>>& \fIname
.br
>>! \fIname
.TP 8
>>&! \fIname
.\" Use file name as the standard output;
`>' $B$HF1MM$K!"%U%!%$%k(B \fIname\fR $B$rI8=`=PNO$H$7$FMQ$$$^$9!#(B
$B$?$@$7!"%3%^%s%I$N=PNO$O%U%!%$%k$XDI2C$5$l$^$9!#(B
$BJQ?t(B \fBnoclobber\fR $B$,%;%C%H$5$l$F$$$k>l9g!"%U%!%$%k$,(B
\fI$BB8:_$7$J$1$l$P(B\fR$B%(%i!<$H$J$j$^$9!#(B
`!' $B$rMQ$$$k$3$H$G!"$3$N8!::$rM^@)$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
.\" Otherwise similar to `>'.
.PD
.PP
.\"A command receives the environment in which the shell was invoked as modified
.\"by the input-output parameters and the presence of the command in a pipeline.
.\"Thus, unlike some previous shells, commands run from a file of shell commands
.\"have no access to the text of the commands by default; rather they receive the
.\"original standard input of the shell.  The `<<' mechanism should be used to
.\"present inline data.
$B%3%^%s%I$O!"%7%'%k$,5/F0$5$l$?$H$-$N4D6-$r0z$-7Q$.$^$9!#(B
$B$?$@$7$3$N4D6-$OF~=PNO$N%Q%i%a!<%?$K$h$C$FJQ99$5$l$^$9$7!"(B
$B%3%^%s%I$,%Q%$%W%i%$%s$NCf$K$"$C$?>l9g$bJQ99$5$l$^$9!#(B
$B$7$?$,$C$F!"0JA0$N$$$/$D$+$N%7%'%k$H$O0[$J$j!"%7%'%k$N(B
$B%3%^%s%I%U%!%$%k$+$i5/F0$5$l$?%3%^%s%I$O!"%G%U%)%k%H$G$O(B
$B$=$N%3%^%s%I$N%F%-%9%H$X%"%/%;%9$G$-$^$;$s!#$+$o$j$K(B
$B$=$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$O!"%7%'%k$N$b$H$b$H$NI8=`F~NO$r$=$N$^$^(B
$B<u$17Q$.$^$9!#(B
.\" $B%a%b(B:[man-jp 2844]$B!A(B $B$G5DO@(B: 
.\" $B%$%s%i%$%s%G!<%?$K$O(B `<<' $B$N5!9=$r;H$&$Y$-$G$9!#(B
$B%7%'%k%9%/%j%W%H$NFbIt$G!"%3%^%s%I$K$"$i$+$8$a7h$^$C$?(B
(inline) $B%G!<%?$rEO$9>l9g$K$O!"I8=`F~=PNO$N7A<0$G$O$J$/!"(B
`<<' $B$N5!9=$r;H$&$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
$B$3$N$h$&$K@)8B$9$k$3$H$K$h$j!"%7%'%k%3%^%s%I%9%/%j%W%H$r(B
$B%Q%$%W%i%$%s$N0lIt$H$7$FMQ$$$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
.\" csh.1 
.\" Note that the default standard input for a command
.\" run detached is not modified to be the empty file
.\" /dev/null; instead the standard input remains as
.\" the original standard input of the shell.
.\" tcsh.1 
.\" Note that the default standard input for a command
.\" run detached is \fInot\fR the empty file \fI/dev/null\fR,
.\" but the original standard input of the shell.
$B%P%C%/%0%i%&%s%I$G<B9T$5$l$F$$$k%3%^%s%I$NI8=`F~NO$b(B 
\fI/dev/null\fR $BEy$K%j%@%$%l%/%H$5$l$k$3$H(B\fI$B$J$/(B\fR$B!"(B
$B%7%'%k$NI8=`F~NO$r$=$N$^$^<u$17Q$$$G$$$^$9!#(B
$B$b$7I8=`F~NO$,C<Kv$G!"%3%^%s%I$,C<Kv$+$iFI$_9~$b$&$H$7$?>l9g!"(B
$B$=$N%W%m%;%9$O%V%m%C%/$5$l!"%7%'%k$O%f!<%6$K$=$N$3$H$rDLCN$7$^$9(B
($B;2>H(B: \fB$B%8%g%V(B\fR $B$N9`(B)$B!#(B
.PP
.\" jp-man: csh.1 -> tcsh.1
.\" standard error($BI8=`%(%i!<(B) -> diagnostic($B?GCG%a%C%;!<%8(B)
$B?GCG%a%C%;!<%8=PNO$b%Q%$%W$K%j%@%$%l%/%H$9$k$3$H$,(B
$B$G$-$^$9!#C1$K(B `|' $B$N$+$o$j$K(B `|&' $B$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
.\"
.\" Copy from csh.1----end
.\"
.PP
.\" The shell cannot presently redirect diagnostic output without also redirecting
.\" standard output, but `(\fIcommand\fR > \fIoutput-file\fR) >& \fIerror-file\fR'
.\" is often an acceptable workaround.  Either \fIoutput-file\fR or
.\" \fIerror-file\fR may be `/dev/tty' to send output to the terminal.
$B%7%'%k$O!"I8=`=PNO$N%j%@%$%l%/%H$J$7$G!"?GCG%a%C%;!<%8=PNO$r(B
$B%j%@%$%l%/%H$G$-$J$/$J$j$^$9!#(B
.\" jp-man$B!'(Bworkaroud -> $BM=Hw<jCJ(B
$B$=$N$?$a!"(B`(\fI$B%3%^%s%I(B\fR > \fI$B=PNO%U%!%$%k(B\fR) >&
\fI$B%(%i!<%U%!%$%k(B\fR' $B$O!"L5Fq$JM=Hw<jCJ$H$7$F$5$l$F$^$9!#(B
\fI$B=PNO%U%!%$%k(B\fR$B!"(B\fI$B%(%i!<%U%!%$%k(B\fR$B$N$I$A$i$+$,!"(B
$BC<Kv$K=PNO$rAw$k$?$a$N(B `/dev/tty' $B$G$9!#(B
.SS $BFCD'(B
.\" Having described how the shell accepts, parses and executes
.\" command lines, we now turn to a variety of its useful features.
$B$3$3$G$O%7%'%k$,$I$N$h$&$K%3%^%s%I%i%$%s$r<u$1F~$l!"(B
$B2r<a$7!"<B9T$9$k$+$r@bL@$7$^$7$?!#(B
$B<!$O!"JXMx$JFCD'$K$D$$$F@bL@$7$^$9!#(B
