

             British Braille

            A Restatement of
          Standard English Braille

        Compiled and Authorised by the
    Braille Authority of the United Kingdom



             ::::::::::::
             in one volume
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        ISBN 0901797901

        Produced and Published by
    Royal National Institute for the Blind
   Bakewell Road, Orton Southgate
      Peterborough, Cambridgeshire
            PE2 6XU
             ::::::::::::



                contents
section page
    Note ----------------------- 6
1. Terminology ------------------ 7
2. Characters and signs ---------------- 10
  2,1. Letters of the alphabet -------- 10
  2,2. Numbers ----------------- 10
  2,3. Punctuation signs --------- 11
  2,4. Composition signs ---------- 12
  2,5. Mathematical signs ------- 13
  2,6. Print symbols and braille
    reference signs ---------------- 14
  2,7. Some signs from the braille computer
    code ------------------------ 15
3. List of contractions ------------- 18
  3,1. Simple upper wordsigns ---- 18
  3,2. Simple upper groupsigns -- 18
  3,3. Lower contractions ----------- 19
  3,4. Composite wordsigns -------- 20
  3,5. Composite groupsigns ------ 21
  3,6. Shortforms ---------------- 22
4. Use of punctuation signs ------- 25
  4,1. Apostrophe -------------- 26
  4,2. Brackets --------------- 28
  4,3. Dashes ------------------ 29
  4,4. Ellipsis --------------- 32
                contents
section page
  4,5. Hyphen ------------------ 33
  4,6. Oblique stroke ---------- 34
  4,7. Quotation marks ------------ 35
5. Use of composition signs -------- 37
  5,1. Accents ------------------ 37
  5,2. Capitals --------------- 38
  5,3. Computer code indicator ---- 45
  5,4. Dot locator ------------ 48
  5,5. Italics ---------------- 48
  5,6. Letter sign ---------------- 54
  5,7. Line sign --------------- 58
  5,8. Non-Roman scripts ----- 59
6. Mathematics ------------------ 60
  6,1. Cardinal numbers ---------- 61
  6,2. Contracted numbers --------- 63
  6,3. Decimals --------------- 64
  6,4. Fractions ---------------- 65
  6,5. Mathematical signs ------- 66
  6,6. Ordinal numbers ---------- 69
  6,7. Roman numerals ---------- 70
7. Abbreviations and symbols -------- 72
  7,1. Print abbreviations --------- 72
  7,2. Print symbols ----------- 78
  7,3. References ---------------- 82
  7,4. Scansion and stress --------- 86
  7,5. Unit abbreviations --------- 88
                contents
section page
8. Use of contrctions -------------- 96
  8,1. General ------------------ 96
  8,2. Simple upper wordsigns ---- 96
  8,3. Simple upper groupsigns -- 100
  8,4. Lower contractions ----------- 102
  8,5. Composite wordsigns -------- 87
  8,6. Composite groupsigns ------ 111
  8,7. Shortforms ---------------- 116
  8,8. Preference ---------------- 118
  8,9. Bridging ----------------- 120
  8,10. English names ------------- 122
  8,11. Foreign words and names ------- 123
  8,12. Early English ----------- 125
  8,13. Stammered, lisped and slurred
    words ------------------------- 126
  8,14. Word endings --------------- 127
9. Layout and book work ------------ 129
  9,1. General ------------------ 129
  9,2. Book work ---------------- 132
  9,3. Correspondence ----------- 133
  9,4. Notes ------------------ 134
  9,5. Paragraphs -------------- 137
  9,6. Plays ------------------ 137
  9,7. Poetry ----------------- 139
  9,8. Quoted passages --------- 143
  9,9. Word division -------------- 144
                contents
section page
              Appendices
I. Some foreign alphabets -------- 146
II. Signs used in some foreign
    codes ----------------------- 155
III. Guide to contracting ---------- 157
    Index ----------------------- 177
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                NOTE
  The Braille Authority of the United Kingdom, which
has issued this book, is the standard-setting body
for braille in this country.
  In the event of any divergence between the print
edition and the braille edition of this work, the latter should be
regarded as the definitive text.
  The object of this book is to provide for
transcribers, copyists and proofreaders of braille
a standard interpretation of the usages of inkprint,
and for readers, teachers and students of braille a guide
to agreed practice. However, no attempt has
been made to legislate comprehensively for the
writing of braille which is not derived from a print
original, or which is for private use only.
In such cases writers will not infrequently find
themselves faced with a choice of acceptable conventions
to follow; but within a single document they should try
to be consistent in the way they exercise such
choices. This book should be regarded as a work of
reference, and not as a teaching manual.
  This edition covers rules both for transcrip-
n showing capitals and for transcription without showing
capitals. Sections marked with an asterisk
contain rules relating to the latter case only.
             ::::::::::::


             British Braille
            A Restatement of
          Standard English Braille
             ::::::::::::
           1. TERMINOLOGY
  Dots are numbered within the braille cell as
follows: top left, 1; middle left, 2;
bottom left, 3; top right, 4; middle right,
5; bottom right, 6.

Abbreviation: shortened representation of word or
    words in print.
Cell: 6-dot matrix which is the basis of
    braille.
Character: any of the 63 combinations of dots that can
    occupy a braille cell.
Composite: consisting of more than 1 character.
Composition sign: braille sign which has no
    direct print equivalent.
Contraction: braille sign which represents a word or
    a group of letters.
Grade 1 braille: grade of braille which includes
    all the signs given in section 2 and the
    rules relating to them. Braille contractions are
    not used.
Grade 2 braille: grade of braille which includes
            1. terminology
    all the signs given in sections 2 and 3
    and the rules relating to them. Braille contractions
    are used.
Groupsign: contraction which represents a group
    of letters.
Initial: at the beginning of a word.
Lefthand: lacking dots 4, 5 and 6.
Lower: lacking dots 1 and 4.
Medial: neither at the beginning nor at the end of a
    word.
Punctuation sign: braille sign which represents a
    print punctuation mark.
Righthand: lacking dots 1, 2 and 3.
Sequence: 2 or more words written without an
    intervening space.
Shortform: composite contraction representing a
    word and not consisting of a righthand character followed by one
    upper character.
Sign: 1 or more characters with indivisible
    significance.
Simple: consisting of 1 character.
Space: cell containing no embossed dots.
String: series of unspaced characters.
Symbol: print sign which is not a letter, number,
    accent or punctuation mark.
Terminal: at the end of a word.
Upper: including dot 1 andstor dot 4.
            1. terminology
Wordsign: contraction which represents a complete
    word.
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         2. CharacterS and signs'
  The dot locator (see 2,4) precedes
characters or signs to assist in their identification.
  Where a string of letters is required
to demonstrate the application of a sign, xxx is
used.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
      2,1. LetterS of the alphabet'
      for a forf fork forp foru
      forb forg forl forq forv
      forc forh form forr forw
      ford fori forn fors forx
      fore forj foro fort fory
                              forz
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            2,2. NUMBERS
        for1 one for6 six
        for2 two for7 seven
        for3 three for8 eight
        forbled four for9 nine
        for5 five for0 zero
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,




         2,3. punctuation signs
       2,3. PUNCTUATION SIGNS
for, comma
for; semicolon
for: colon
for. full stop or abbreviation point
for! exclamation mark
forggxxx) open and close round brackets
for? question mark
for8xxx" open and close double inverted commas
forst oblique stroke
for' apostrophe
for... ellipsis
for- hyphen
for-- short dash
for---- long dash
for@ggxxx@) open and close phonemic brackets
for^ggxxx^) open and close phonetic brackets
forggxxx) open and close angle brackets
for.ggxxx.) open and close brace brackets
for[xxx] open and close square brackets
for"xxx" open and close single inverted commas
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,





         2,4. composition signs
       2,4. COMPOSITION SIGNS
forfor dot locator
for, non-roman letter sign
forar line sign
forble numeral sign
for@ accent sign
for@ print symbol indicator
for. facsimile hyphen
for.: print page indicator
for. italic sign
for.. double italic sign
for.' italic terminator
for letter sign
for double letter sign
for+ computer code indicator
for capital sign
for double capital sign
for triple capital sign
for' capital terminator
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,







        2,5. mathematical signs
      2,5. MATHEMATICAL SIGNS
forch subscript
for, decimal point
for: is to (ratio)
foring superscript
for' numerical comma
for. divided by
for! plus
for) equals
for? multiplied by
for- minus
for separation sign
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,














          2,6. print symbols
     2,6. PRINT symbols and braille
            reference signs'
            Print Symbols
ford. denoting death
forf. female sign
forl or for@l pound sign
form. male sign
foroow double dagger
forpar paragraph sign
fors' section sign
forowo dagger
forow: left arrow
forowcco double-headed arrow
forcco right arrow
forccp per cent
forccth per thousand
for. or for@. dollar sign
for* asterisk
for" degrees sign
for- end of metrical foot
for-- caesura
for`e euro
for@y yen
for& ampersand
for@the commercial "at"
forinch minute or foot sign (a single prime)
for@* second or inch sign (a double prime)
        2,7. computer code signs
for@ble hash
for^ short or unstressed syllable
for long or stressed syllable
for. bullet
for., ditto
for doubtful stress or quantity
for? cross
         Braille Reference Signs
forpble page or pages
forvble volume or volumes
forchble chapter or chapters
      2,7. Some signs from the braille
             computer code'
  The following signs are used within the + computer
code indicators. A complete list is given
in Braille Computer Notation.
            (a) Numerals
forfor zero
forch one
forgh two
forsh three
forth four
forwh five
fored six
forer seven
forou eight
forow nine
        2,7. computer code signs
            (b) Punctuation
for, comma
for; semicolon
for: colon
for. full stop
foren question mark
forble exclamation mark
for@ double quote
for' single quote, apostrophe
for- hyphen
          (c) Other Symbols
forday right arrow
forfather left arrow
forlord vertical bar
forpart paragraph
forsome section
for and ampersand
forof left square bracket
for.of left brace bracket
for the commercial at
forwith right square bracket
for.with right brace bracket
for.. degree
for! plus
for) equals
for? less than, left angle bracket
for.? cross, multiplication sign
        2,7. computer code signs
forin asterisk
for" greater than
forst oblique stroke
for.st back oblique stroke
forar right round bracket
foring underline character
for- minus
for.!- plus or minus
for.- tilde
for^ left round bracket
for dollar
for. pound
for. text continuation sign
for. percent
for lower case indicator
for. hash
for upper case indicator
             ::::::::::::











        3. LIST of contractions'
    3,1. SIMPLE upper wordsigns'
forb but forp people forch child
forc can forq quite forsh shall
ford do forr rather forth this
fore every fors so forwh which
forf from fort that forou out
forg go foru us forst still
forh have forv very
forj just forw will
fork knowledge forx it
forl like fory you
form more forz as
forn not
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
    3,2. SIMPLE upper groupsigns'
  The signs for and, for, of, the,
with may be used also as wordsigns.

for and and forch ch fored ed forble ble
forfor for forgh gh forer er foring ing
forof of forsh sh forou ou
for the the forth th forow ow
forwith with forwh wh forst st
                    forar ar
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
          3,3. lower contractions
        3,3. LOWER CONTRACTIONS
Wordsigns
    foren enough
    for! to (sequenced)
    for) were
    for? his
    forin! into (sequenced)
    for" by (sequenced)
    for" was
Initial groupsigns
    for; be (also used as word)
    for: con
    for. dis
    for- com
Initial-medial-terminal groupsigns
    foren en
    forin in (also used as wordsign)
Medial groupsigns
    for, ea
    for; bb
    for: cc
    for. dd
    for! ff
    for) gg
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,


        3,4. composite wordsigns
      3,4. COMPOSITE WORDSIGNS
  These wordsigns may be used as parts of words.

forupon upon forc cannot
forword word forhad had
for^the these formany many
for^th those forspirit spirit
for^wh whose forworld world
               forthe their

forday day forright right
forever ever forsome some
forfather father fortime time
forhere here forunder under
forknow know forwork work
forlord lord foryoung young
formother mother forthere there
forname name forcharacter character
forone one forthrough through
forpart part forwhere where
forquestion question forought ought
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,





       3,5. composite groupsigns
     3,5. COMPOSITE GROUPSIGNS
  These groupsigns may be used only medially and
terminally.

foround ound forence ence foration ation
forance ance forong ong forally ally
forsion sion forful ful
forless less fortion tion
forount ount forness ness
            forment ment
            fority ity
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,















            3,6. shortforms
           3,6. SHORTFORMS
    about about
    above above
    according according
    across across
    after after
    afternoon afternoon
    afterward afterward
    again again
    against against
    almost almost
    already already
    also also
    although although
    altogether altogether
    always always
    because because
    before before
    behind behind
    below below
    beneath beneath
    beside beside
    between between
    beyond beyond
    blind blind
    braille braille
    children children
            3,6. shortforms
    conceive conceive
    conceiving conceiving
    could could
    deceive deceive
    deceiving deceiving
    declare declare
    declaring declaring
    either either
    first first
    friend friend
    good good
    great great
    herself herself
    him him
    himself himself
    immediate immediate
    its its
    itself itself
    letter letter
    little little
    much much
    must must
    myself myself
    necessary necessary
    neither neither
    o'clock o'clock
    oneself oneself
            3,6. shortforms
    ourselves ourselves
    paid paid
    perceive perceive
    perceiving perceiving
    perhaps perhaps
    quick quick
    receive receive
    receiving receiving
    rejoice rejoice
    rejoicing rejoicing
    said said
    should should
    such such
    themselves themselves
    thyself thyself
    today today (or) to-day
    together together
    tomorrow tomorrow (or) to-morrow
    tonight tonight (or) to-night
    would would
    your your
    yourself yourself
    yourselves yourselves
             ::::::::::::





        4. USE of punctuation
               signs'
  Where a string of punctuation and/or composition
signs occurs, they should be placed in the order
illustrated below.

    open bracket
    open quotation mark
      italic sign
      double italic sign
        letter sign
        double letter sign
        non-Roman letter sign
        numeral sign
          apostrophe
            capital sign
            double capital sign
            triple capital sign
            decimal point
              accent sign

  Any number of punctuation signs may be
written in an unspaced string, even when they are
all lower signs not in contact with an upper
sign.

           4,1. apostrophe
    Examples: werehis 1389); "Help ...!"
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
          4,1. APOSTROPHE
  4,1,1. When the apostrophe is used for the
suppression of the initial or final letters of a word,
print's spacing should normally be followed. But if
the spacing is inconsistent or indeterminate, a
space should be left in braille.
    Examples: and loves to live i' this'
sun; rock 'n' roll; rock'n'roll.
  4,1,2. The apostrophe should be inserted in
braille to separate lower case letters or abbreviations
from a plural s which would not otherwise be distinct.
    Example: p's and q's
  It is not necessary to insert such an apostrophe after
letters or abbreviations in capitals, nor after
numbers.
    Examples: Ps and Qs; GPs;
1930s; 49ers.
  * 4,1,3. In non-capitalised
transcription, 4,1,2 is extended also to letters
and abbreviations printed in capitals.
    Examples: gp's; m.p.'s.; but:
mps' pay.
  The penultimate example requires the
apostrophe since it is followed by a full
stop. When not followed by a full stop, this case
           4,1. apostrophe
would not require an apostrophe if not present
in print.
    Example: m.pdds
  4,1,4. Division should not be made at the braille
line immediately after the apostrophe when the letter or
letters preceding it do not form a syllable.
    Example: charg`e d'affaires; l'@ile
Joyeuse; table d'hthte.
  4,1,5. Omitted letters in a word, indicated
in print by dots or asterisks, should be shown in
braille by an equivalent number of dot 3's
unspaced from one another and from the letters between which they
lie, whether spaced or unspaced in print.
    Examples: do''n (damn); Like...'n
(london); Go...'ow (glasgow); You...
(york); R'b'ns'n (robinson);
Con...''in'ple (constantinople).
  When the number of dots or asterisks in print
seems to be different from the number of omitted
letters, braille should not attempt to correct this.
    Example: but...d (bastard).
  Such words may generally be divided at the braille
line according to the usual rules of word division,
provided the second line does not begin with a dot
3.
  When print uses hyphens for omitted letters
braille should follow suit (see 4,5,4).
            4,2. brackets
  (see also 7,2,7.)
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           4,2. BRACKETS
  4,2,1. If more than one paragraph occurs
in a bracketed passage, the opening bracket
(either round or square) should be repeated before each
paragraph, the closing bracket appearing only
at the end of the final paragraph.
  If a bracketed paragraph contains listed
items which are indented in the braille in cell 5 or
7, etc., it is not necessary to reopen the brackets
before each such item. (see also 9,1,7.)
  4,2,2. Round and square brackets do not
necessarily alternate as outer and inner quotation
marks normally do. Print should be followed in this
matter.
  4,2,3. When a portion of a word is enclosed
in brackets of whatever kind, these should be retained
in braille and the letter sign should not be used. Contractions
within or adjacent to the brackets should be used with
care.
    Examples: egggghead), G[eorge],
nounggs), sggoundgged, Staggffggord.
  4,2,4. When a bracketed number occurs
within a word, a hyphen should be inserted after the first part
of the word, followed by the bracketed number spaced
on either side, followed by the second part of the word.
             4,3. dashes
  4,2,5. When a question mark or exclamation mark
or other punctuation stands by itself in print, it should be
enclosed in round brackets in braille.
  4,2,6. Brace brackets which appear in an
ordinary line of text follow the same rules as
do round or square brackets. Where print uses
large brace brackets to enclose a stack of
items, it may be convenient to show this by simply
listing those items across the page, enclosing the list
within ordinary brace brackets, and separating the
items from one another with appropriate
punctuation.
  4,2,7. When print uses only a closing
bracket (half bracket) for lettered or numbered
paragraphs, etc., braille should generally follow
print.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            4,3. DASHES
  4,3,1. Print should generally be followed with
regard to the length of the dash. However, it should be
noted that for reasons of typographical style
print often uses a short dash between numbers
to indicate a hyphen (as in page ranges,
dates, etc.). In such cases a hyphen should
be used in braille.
  4,3,2. Whatever the spacing of a conjunctive
short dash in print, it should be brailled unspaced from
             4,3. dashes
the words which precede and follow it, unless, as is
permissible, the dash appears at the beginning or the
end of a braille line.
  4,3,3. When a short or long dash is used
to indicate an interrupted sentence it should be brailled
unspaced from the word or part-word which precedes it,
unless, as is permissible, the dash appears at the
beginning of a braille line.
  4,3,4. A braille line may end with a short or
long dash even when preceded by an opening bracket
or quotation sign. The dash may begin a line of
braille even when followed by punctuation or by the line
sign.
  4,3,5. The dash should be treated as a word as
regards whether it can or cannot be split from
punctuation at the end of a braille line. The combination
colon dash should normally be treated as a single
entity and not be divided; however, where the dash
represents a blank (as on a form), it can be
split from the colon. In the case of a side
heading, a stop dash combination should not be split at
the end of a line.
  4,3,6. When a short or long dash
indicates suppressed letters of a word, the dash should
be unspaced from the remaining letters, and the whole string
should be in the same braille line. In cases such as
s---- in which a single letter could be read as a
             4,3. dashes
wordsign, a letter sign should be inserted. In
cases such as th---- where a letter group could be
read as a wordsign, the letters should be brailled
uncontracted, but the letter sign is not used.
    Examples: s----be th----be Tell
me wh----.
  4,3,7. When a short or long dash
represents an omitted word, it must be spaced as
a word.
  4,3,8. A dash (long or short) starting a
new sentence should be spaced from the preceding full
stop. However, a dash joining two sentences should be
unspaced.
  4,3,9. In an italicised passage
beginning or ending with a short or long dash, the dash
should not be included within the italics in braille.
  But a spaced dash occurring within an
italicised passage should be counted as a word,
though it should never itself be preceded by the italic
sign.
  4,3,10. Where print uses the dash as a
quotation mark, braille should follow suit. In this
case the dash should be spaced as an ordinary
quotation sign and may not be separated from following
text by the end of the braille line. Braille should not insert
a dash, eg as a closing quotation mark, when

            4,4. ellipsis
print does not do so.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           4,4. ELLIPSIS
  4,4,1. A series of dots in print is
shown in braille by the ellipsis, which is normally
treated as a word for the purposes of spacing.
Examples:
"Love is life's ... sign."
"... is life's only sign."
"Love is life's only ...."
  4,4,2. If print shows, either by the use of an
initial capital or by the spacing of the dots, a
clear or consistent intention to use an extra dot
to represent a full stop, this should be followed in
braille. If print employs 4 equally spaced
dots, but it cannot be decided whether the stop should
precede or follow the ellipsis, braille should use
the 3-dot ellipsis only.
  4,4,3. When a series of dots is used
to indicate an interrupted word, the braille
ellipsis should be used, following print's
spacing.
    Example: Say pl...
  4,4,4. In an italicised passage
beginning or ending with an ellipsis, the ellipsis
should not be included within the italics in braille.
  But an ellipsis occurring within an
             4,5. hyphen
italicised passage should be counted as a word,
though it should never itself be preceded by the italic
sign, nor followed by the italic terminator.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            4,5. HYPHEN
  4,5,1. In expressions which end or begin with a
hyphen, a space should always be left in braille after
or before the hyphen, as appropriate.
Examples: sitting- and dining-room;
forty-one or comtwo.
  4,5,2. The hyphen in a compound or divided
word must not begin a braille line.
  4,5,3. Where a word is hyphenated
to separate off particular parts of the word, or where a
hyphen is used at the start of a suffix, etc.,
for example in a grammar book, a contraction
should be avoided if there is any danger of the word
or word segment being misread. Specific rules
for particular contractions are given in section 8
on the use of contractions, and in particular in
section 8,14 on word endings.
  4,5,4. Where print uses hyphens for
omitted letters in a word, this should be followed in
braille, using the same number of hyphens. The letter
sign should not be used before the remaining letters in such
words.

         4,6. oblique stroke
    Examples: go-do; Just----comy.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
       4,6. OBLIQUE STROKE
  4,6,1. When an oblique stroke is used
to separate groups of letters andstor numbers, the
letter sign or numeral sign should always be
repeated.
    Examples: ab/cd; abst1234;
123stbledef; 578/cjst34.
  See also the examples in 5,6,2.
  4,6,2. When an oblique stroke is used
to denote "per", it should be retained in braille whether
there are words, abbreviations, letters or numbers on
either side.
    Examples: 100stsec;
100stsecond.
  4,6,3. The oblique stroke may not begin a
braille line. When a group of words containing an
oblique stroke is divided after the stroke at
the braille line, a hyphen must be inserted after the
stroke.
  If a string consists entirely of letters andstor
numbers, as opposed to whole words or
abbreviations, it should only be divided if it is
very long.
  4,6,4. The oblique stroke may be
freely used in conjunction with the contraction for st.
          4,7. quotation marks
    example: typist//enographer.
  4,6,5. Simple wordsigns other than single
letter wordsigns may generally be used in conjunction
with the oblique stroke, subject to other rules
on their use being satisfied.
    Examples: andstor; instout;
dostdon't; tostfrom; his/her;
to schoolstffwork.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
        4,7. QUOTATION MARKS
  4,7,1. Braille should generally use the one-cell
quotation signs for double inverted commas and the two-
cell quotation signs for single inverted commas.
  4,7,2. If print uses single inverted
commas to represent outer quotes and double inverted
commas to represent inner quotes throughout a text,
the signs may be reversed in braille for space and
reading convenience. When this occurs, a
transcriber's note should be inserted at the
beginning of the text if this information is regarded as of
particular importance to the transcription.
  4,7,3. Where print uses the two sorts of
inverted commas to make an essential distinction, as
for example between spoken dialogue and thoughts,
braille should follow suit.
  However, if print uses italics to indicate
thoughts, braille should adopt this practice.
          4,7. quotation marks
  4,7,4. Where quotations occur within quotations,
the two sorts of quotation marks should normally
alternate in braille, regardless of the print
practice. This even applies when quotes are
inserted in the braille around an extract: in this case
the first level of quotes appearing within the
extract will be inner quotes in the braille, etc.
  4,7,5. In quotations of more than one
paragraph or stanza, the opening quotation sign
should be repeated before each paragraph or stanza,
even if not shown in print. It should also be repeated
before a centred heading or stanza number. However,
the closing quotation sign should not be used until the
end of the quoted matter.
  4,7,6. If a quoted paragraph contains
listed items which are indented in braille in cell 5
or 7, etc., it is not necessary to reopen the
quotes before each such item.
  4,7,7. When print reopens quotation marks
at the beginning of each line of a document, poem,
etc., this practice should not be followed in braille.
             ::::::::::::







     5. USE of composition signs'
  for the order of signs see the beginning of section
4.
            5,1. ACCENTS
  5,1,1. The accent sign is placed before an
accented letter, whether the accent appears above or below
the letter in print. It should be used to represent
print accents whenever the special braille signs for
accented letters are not used.
    Examples: caf`e, gar@con.
  An accented letter must not form part of a contraction.
    Example: g@en@eral.
  5,1,2. The accent sign is used to mark
English stressed or separate syllables. It
may then be used before a contraction.
    Examples: belov`ed, bless`ed.
  5,1,3. When a capital letter in print is not
accented for typographical reasons, it is
desirable that the accent should be shown in braille.
  5,1,4. The special signs for accented letters
should not normally be regarded as an integral part of
Standard English Braille, but should be reserved for
foreign language textbooks, etc.
  5,1,5. In texts where the special codes
for accented letters are used (see Appendix
II), and where the letter sign method is
            5,2. capitals
appropriate, each word, or each element of a
hyphenated compound word, containing an accented letter must
be preceded by a letter sign and written
uncontracted. The placing of the letter sign is not
affected if the word happens to be divided at the
braille line.
    Examples: crtheme brwhlfore; Lforvi-
Strauss; Lforvy-Bruhl; Lforvy-
Fouquitheres.
  In grammar books or foreign language
texts the use of the codes for accented letters may be
indicated by special layout etc., or by general
convention, rather than by using letter signs. Except for
these cases, the letter sign method will normally be
required.
  5,1,6. If, within the main foreign text, a
second foreign language is employed, the
latter's accents may be rendered by using either the
accent sign (dot 4) or the special accent
signs for that language.
  5,1,7. When vowels are elided, as in like' and
do', the letter sign if required follows the like'
or do'. (see also rule 4,1,4.)
    Examples: l'fortfor; d'ghtre.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           5,2. CAPITALS
  5,2,1. The indication of capitals in braille
            5,2. capitals
is optional in the United Kingdom. The following
rules state the basic principles for indicating
capitals; other rules relating to specific
areas such as contractions are located within the
relevant sections.
  5,2,2. Indicators. There are three
indicators to show capitals:
    for applies to the following letter only
    for applies to the following word only
    for indicates a passage in capitals
  The following sign is used to terminate
capitals:
    for' terminates a capitalised passage
or partially capitalised word.
    examples:
Sir Michael Tippett
Please HELP me
Please KEEP off the grass' in this area.
  5,2,3. Definition--Word. A "word" for the
purposes of the capital word indicator is an
unbroken string consisting of only: letters,
contractions, apostrophes, full stops,
literary brackets, accents, signs indicating
stress (see 7,4). This indicator does not have
force over any other sign.
    Examples:
HENRY'S
            5,2. capitals
B.B.C.
YORKGGSHIRE)
T@EL@EPHONE
CURFEW
LEFT-HAND
  Note however 8,2,8 as regards sequenced
words.
  5,2,4. Definition--Passage. A
"passage" for the purposes of the capital
passage indicator consists of any sequence of
braille signs (including spaces), until ended
by the termination sign, dot 6, dot 3. The
capital passage indicator only affects
letters within the passage: any number or
punctuation mark etc. within the passage is read
as normal.
    Example:
EnTRANCE 6 (to the house)--this way.'
  5,2,5. Multiple Paragraphs. Where there
is a series of capitalized paragraphs or
headings, the capital passage indicator should be
placed before the first word or letter at the beginning of
each such paragraph or heading, but the capital
termination sign is only placed after the last
paragraph or heading.
  5,2,6. Placement of Indicators. A
capital indicator should be placed immediately before the
            5,2. capitals
first letter or contraction to which it applies, apart from the
possible presence of an accent sign, or one of the
signs indicating stress.
    Examples:
LONDON
"Hello!"
Along the river (thames)
'Twas
'TWAS
@epinal
  5,2,7. The Capital Indicator
Preceding Contractions. When the single dot 6
capital indicator is used before a contraction,
it indicates that the first letter only of the contraction
is capitalized.
    Examples:
Edinburgh
Knowledge
  A wordsign in full capitals must be
preceded by the capital word or passage
indicator.
    example:
KNOWLEDGE
  5,2,8. Placement of the Capital
Terminator after a Capitalized Passage.
When using the capital passage indicator, if
there are cells between the last capital letter and the
            5,2. capitals
next lower case letter (or the end of the text), the
capital termination sign should be placed before the first
space, hyphen, dash or oblique stroke if
present within those cells, otherwise immediately after the
last capital letter. (note, however, the second
paragraph in 5,2,10 below.)
    Examples:
TRY and get meff'--was his attitude.
He shouted "I will go out".'
BEETHOVEN'S symphony no.6.'
  5,2,9. Divided Words. When a single
capitalized word is divided in braille at the end
of a line, the capital word indicator should not be
repeated at the beginning of the new line.
    Example:
TELE- phone
  In the case of compound words, each component is
counted as a separate word and requires its own
capital word indicator (unless part of a
capitalized passage).
  5,2,10. Preference. The capital word
indicator is used in preference to the capital
letter indicator when doing so takes the same or
fewer cells. The capital passage
indicator is used in preference to either of the other
two indicators when doing so takes the same
or fewer cells. Thus for ordinary words, this
            5,2. capitals
means using the word indicator for one or two
words, but the passage indicator for three or more
words (unless two or more are single letter words).
  However, a capitalized passage should not
extend at the beginning or end to include a partially
capitalized word or abbreviation.
    Examples:
NEW YORK
WESTON-SUPER-MARE'
NB
R.NDDL.I.
EAST coast towns.' Group 1:
  5,2,11. Separate Capitalized
Phrases. It is desirable that the capital
passage indicator is not used across separate
phrases or sentences, etc.
    Example:
See also FAN OVENS. WARNING: Remove
    packing before switching on.
  5,2,12. Ignoring the Case of
Apostrophe s. The case of an apostrophe
s after a capitalized expression may be
ignored if this distinction is not essential.
    Examples:
BBC'S [with lower case s]
BBC'S [with upper case s]
  5,2,13. Passages Containing Occasional
            5,2. capitals
Lower Case Letters. An occasional lower case
letter within an otherwise capitalized passage
may be treated as being capital, if this distinction
is not essential.
    Example:
PRELUDE no.6, f. chopin' [print
actually has "No" rather than "NO"]
  5,2,14. Internal Capital Letters.
Capital letters within words are preceded by the
capital indicator as in the preceding rules.
However, where it is required to show a capital
letter n or y in the middle or at the end of a
word, the letter sign must also be inserted to prevent it
being read as the contraction (which it would otherwise
mean).
    Examples:
NatWest
WordPerfect
HarperCollins
Mcnee
  5,2,15. Partially Capitalized Words.
When a word is partially capitalized, the presence
of a capital indicator or terminator does not
affect the use of adjacent contractions, except
that contractions formed with dots 4-6, 5-6 and 6
should not be used immediately after a capital indicator
or terminator.
      5,3. computer code indicator
    Examples:
YESTER'DAY
WONDER'FUL
wonderFUL
CONSULT'@TION
  5,2,16. Exemptions. Within a document which
is generally being transcribed indicating
capitals there are circumstances in which this indication
may be dropped:
    (a) When the use of capitals in print
is perceived as purely pictorial;
    (b) In tables;
    (c) In page information lines;
    (d) In labels;
    (e) In other situations where the space
available for a given amount of material is
limited.
  But it should be open to any producing agency to show
the distinction between print upper and lower case letters in
any or all of the above circumstances if it so
wishes.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
         5,3. ComPUTER code
              indicator'
  5,3,1. The computer code indicator for+
is used to start and end a special mode in which
signs from the UK braille computer code are used.
      5,3. computer code indicator
In this mode the normal rules of Standard
English Braille are suspended, for example
contractions are not permissible. The purpose of this
mode is to allow the additional range of characters in
the computer code to be available in literary braille,
and to allow access in literary braille to the computer
code's greater precision in representing
arbitrary sequences of characters without ambiguity. A
particular application is for the brailling of
electronic addresses and computer filenames.
  5,3,2. A selection of signs from the computer
code of common occurrence is listed in 2,7. The
full range of signs which may be used is listed
in Braille Computer Notation.
    Examples:
Ing*chghsh.st.stthwh+
Ingffing.shwh+
  5,3,3. The computer code indicators should not
be used within a word in Standard English Braille.
Where computer code characters are required within a
literary word the whole word should be enclosed within the
indicators and brailled in that mode.
  5,3,4. By default, letters within the computer
code indicators are assumed to be upper
case. To show different cases, the dots 5-6
sign is used to switch to lower case, and the dot
6 sign is used to switch back to upper case.
      5,3. computer code indicator
Both of these case switches have force over
subsequent letters on the braille line within the computer
mode expression (even over spaces) until
another case switch sign occurs.
    Examples:
Ingccc.stdocs.sttest.txt+
Ingatricktheuusaveddorgdduk+
Ingatlasthementradechghsh.codduk+
  5,3,5. Once started, computer code mode
continues until the ending indicator occurs,
including over line breaks and page breaks. Where
an expression is split at a line break the
text continuation sign, dot 5, should be inserted
at the end of the line unless a space is present
at that point. According to 5,3,4, where an expression
continues on a new braille line capitals are again
assumed until the dots 5-6 sign is
asserted.
    Example:
Inghttpcc//www.wshddorgstpub/wwwsttrstwdcc.
    xml-lang-owerforshshch.html+
  5,3,6. Although using computer code is the most
general method for brailling electronic
addresses, in many cases an address can be
brailled by simply using literary code signs in
grade one.
    Example:
            5,5. italics
speters@thehomework.com
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
        5,4. DOT LOCATOR
  5,4,1. The dot locator is used
to identify braille characters. In a series of listed
or tabulated braille characters the dot locator should
normally precede each of them. But when there is
reference to individual braille characters as such in
continuous text, it will generally be desirable for each
of them to be both preceded and followed by the dot
locator, especially when they are in contact with
punctuation signs. The dot locator may be
used in the same way before a string of braille characters.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           5,5. ITALICS
  5,5,1. The italic sign is placed before a
word to show that it is printed in italic type.
    Examples: a priori; Prime
Minister.
  If more than three consecutive words are
italicised, the first word is preceded by the double
italic sign and the last word followed by the
italic termination sign. The termination sign is
placed immediately after the last italicised character.
Punctuation marks may be included within the
italic indicators if italicised in print.
    examples: The Houses of
            5,5. italics
Parliament.'; Stop talking right nowff.'
  5,5,2. Where, as in most centred headings,
print italics may be regarded as pictorial,
they need not be reproduced in braille.
  However, when print italics are ignored,
significant reversions to ordinary type should be
italicised in braille.
  5,5,3. In quoted extracts, either prose
or verse, set in print with both italics and
quotation marks, the italics are generally unnecessary
in braille.
  5,5,4. Where print reverts to ordinary type
for odd words or phrases within an italicised
passage, the italics should not be terminated in
braille. Instead one of the following procedures should be
adopted:
    (a) If the words in ordinary type
constitute a name or title, or are in ordinary
type to indicate that they are foreign, they should be
quoted.
    (b) If the words are set in ordinary
type to give them particular emphasis, they should
each be preceded by the single or double capital
sign, or capital passage mode should be
used, as appropriate.
    (c) Sometimes the change of type is to be
disregarded in braille, as for instance when the words in question
            5,5. italics
occur in square brackets.
  5,5,5. Where a date or other number forms
part of an italicised title or other phrase,
it should be included within the italics in braille whether
or not it has been italicised in print.
  5,5,6. In italicised passages consisting
of more than one paragraph the double italic sign
must be repeated before each paragraph. This rule
applies even if the paragraph consists of three
or fewer words. The last word of the passage is
followed by the italic termination sign, as well as
being preceded by the double italic sign if it is the
sole word in the final paragraph.
  5,5,7. When an unhyphenated italicised
word in print is divided at the braille line, the
italic sign should not be repeated at the beginning
of the new line.
  However, italicised compound words and words whose
components are joined by the hyphen require the
italic sign after each hyphen.
    Examples: blue-eyed; co-operation;
ski-+; well-beloved; well-to-do.
  Note that the words today, tomorrow, tonight, when
written with hyphens, do not count as compound words because
they are brailled as shortforms which do not contain the
hyphens.
  5,5,8. Where an italicised word is
            5,5. italics
divided by hyphens, for example to show
pronunciation or to indicate that the word is being
spelt out, each fragment should be counted as a
separate word for the purposes of italics.
(see also 8,13,6.)
    Examples: ex-cru-ci-ate.';
t-a-more-every-d.'.
  5,5,9. In phrases of more than three
italicised words joined by hyphens, the double
italic sign should precede the first word and the
italic termination sign should follow the last word.
    Examples: never-to-be-forgotten.';
out-of-the-way.'.
  5,5,10. Where the last word of an italicised
passage is a hyphenated compound word, the
italic termination sign should follow the final part
of the compound word.
    Example: it was a sad home-coming.'.
  5,5,11. Compound numbers separated by the
hyphen should be treated as separate numbers for the
purpose of italics.
    Examples: 1939-.40; vii-
xx; 12th-15th.
  5,5,12. English words joined by the apostrohe
are treated as a single word for the purpose of
italics.
    Examples: o'clock; Tess of the
            5,5. italics
d'Urbervilles; Morte d'Arthur;
nearly five o'clock.
  5,5,13. Foreign words joined by the
apostrophe are treated separately for the
purpose of italics.
    Examples: l'.orange; le roi
s'amuse.'.
  However, where foreign words contain an
apostrophe, they are treated as a single word.
    Examples: Ch'un; Qur'an.
  5,5,14. Words or abbreviations joined by an
oblique stroke which is to be retained in braille are
treated separately for the purpose of italics.
    Examples: hest.she; please state
malestfemale.'.
  5,5,15. When an italicised abbreviation
consists of a string of signs including more than one
abbreviation point, the italic sign should not be
repeated after each abbreviation point.
    Examples: i.e.; Ph.d.;
R.S.V.P.
  Similarly, cases such as C&Go are
italicised as a single unit.
    Example: C&Go
  5,5,16. Where part of a word is italicised,
the italicised portion should be preceded by the sign
dots 4-62, and followed by the italic
            5,5. italics
termination sign. Care should be taken in the use of
contractions.
    Examples: domi.eaneering.'; ,grow.'ing;
grow.eaing.'; un.eaen.'ding; un.eaeasy.';
weari.eaness.'.
  5,5,17. In cases where the italicised part
is separated by an apostrophe, that part should be
treated as a word fragment according to 5,5,16 if the
whole string is normally treated as a single word
for the purposes of italics.
    Example: they'.eare.'
  5,5,18. Each italicised title in a
succession of titles should be italicised
separately, but a subtitle should not be
italicised separately from the main title.
  5,5,19. When an italicised phrase is
followed by a bracketed italicised abbreviation
of or alternative to that phrase, they should be
italicised separately.
  5,5,20. When two consecutive
abbreviations, words or phrases are italicised
for different reasons, they should be italicised
separately in braille.
    Example: cf. As You Like X.'.
  5,5,21. Where print uses underlining, braille should
italicise except where a distinction between
italics and underlining needs to be maintained.
            5,6. letter sign
  * 5,5,22. It is generally not necessary
to italicise titles, etc., in braille if not
italicised in print. However, there may be
occasions when it is desirable to italicise in
order to avoid ambiguity (the title being
distinguished in print by initial capitals).
    Example: in the station he saw a man
looking at the times.
  5,5,23. In general, print symbols are
not preceded by the italic sign. If a symbol
occurs at the beginning or end of an italicised
phrase it is normally not included in the
italics. However, if a symbol occurs within
an italicised phrase it is counted as a word
for the purposes of italics (but not preceded by the
italic sign). Where a symbol such as an
arithmetical operation sign is joined to an
italicised word, the italic sign is placed
before the word, not the symbol.
    Examples:
apples ff.oranges
green apples fforanges.'
fee ffancexpenses
Mount Everest *
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
          5,6. LETTER SIGN
  5,6,1. The purpose of the letter sign in
            5,6. letter sign
Standard English Braille is to distinguish letters from
words.
  5,6,2. The letter sign is required before a
single letter spaced as a word unless it has an
abbreviation point. However, the letter sign should not be
used when the letters a, I or o stand for words.
    Examples: Sections I, II and
V; J. Smith; J Smith; Mr X;
Mr X.; a/c; I/O; O, I
say!; (a); (i).
  5,6,3. A single letter at the end of a sentence
should be preceded by a letter sign even if abbreviation
points are normally used.
    example: He went to see X.
  5,6,4. Letters at the beginning of paragraphs,
such as a. b., or Q. and A. (for question and
answer), should be preceded by the letter sign whether or
not followed by a full stop. The full stop should be
retained.
  5,6,5. The letter sign is not required in
cases like the following because the presence of the
adjacent signs means that the letters could not be read
as wordsigns.
    Examples:
Bch,;
HchbbO
Cff!
            5,6. letter sign
  However, where the capital sign is not present
the letter sign should be used in such cases to aid
reading.
    Example: a-
  5,6,6. The letter sign is required before a
string of letters (when abbreviation points are not
present) unless starting with a capital indicator.
    Examples: chord ceg; triangle
ABC; rDNA; (iii); (Iii).
  5,6,7. The influence of the letter sign does not
carry beyond punctuation or composition signs.
    Examples: A-team; D-day; L-
plates; T-shirt; X-ray; Folio 60
b-d; chords ceg-dfa; (cggde;
mnggo); the fraction x/y; ac/dc.
  5,6,8. The letter sign is also used to distinguish
letters that follow figures without a space when the
capital sign is not present at that point.
    Examples: 22a.; 25B.
  5,6,9. In ordinary text a foreign word
or name consisting of a single letter which could be read as an
English wordsign, including cases where such a
single letter is preceded andstor followed by a
hyphen, should be preceded by the letter sign.
    Examples: adagio e cantabile;
Ortega y Gasset; U Thant; a
priori.
            5,6. letter sign
  This may not be necessary in specialised contexts,
such as grammar books, etc. (see also
5,1,5).
  5,6,10. In the case of accented single letters
(including letters with the long or short signs), the
letter sign should be used in addition to the accent sign
if the letter is not a word. Even where the letter is a
word, the letter sign should be used where it would otherwise
be ambiguous.
    Examples: The letter `e; o as in
hose.
  In the following example, the letter sign is not
required because the contraction every is not permissible
after the accent sign.
    Example: la donna `e mobile.
  5,6,11. When a word is spelt out with
hyphens between the letters, the letter sign is not
required.
    Example: will-i-not-do-o-will.
  Such a string should only be divided if at least
three letters appear on each braille line. Such
division may be made without regard to syllables.
  5,6,12. The letter sign normally precludes
the use of contractions in any word or letter-group which
it introduces (but see 8,3,4).
  5,6,13. Where single letters are enclosed in
quotation marks or italicised in print, the letter
            5,7. line sign
sign should generally be used instead in braille.
  5,6,14. Where letters of the alphabet are used
as designations rather than abbreviations, the letter sign
should be used, and the abbreviation point, if shown in
print, should be omitted.
    Examples: point A in the line ABOUT;
row n; the spy X
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
          5,7. LINE SIGN
  5,7,1. The line sign is used in braille where
print uses a symbol, such as a vertical or
oblique stroke, to indicate the ends of lines in
verse, inscriptions etc. printed continuously.
It may also be used where print sets out such
material line by line, allowing braille to use a
continuous format (see 9,7,8-9,7,15).
  5,7,2. The line sign should be spaced from a
preceding word when there is no intervening punctuation.
It should be followed by either a space or the end of a
braille line, and may not begin a braille line.
  5,7,3. The line sign is normally
unspaced from preceding punctuation. However, a
space should be left before the line sign when it is
preceded by the apostrophe or hyphen.
  5,7,4. A dash should be brailled unspaced from a
following line sign and such a combination may begin a
braille line. But if a dash occurs at the beginning
       5,8. non-roman scripts
of a verse line, it must be spaced from the preceding
line sign.
  5,7,5. An ellipsis ending a line of
poetry should be spaced from the following line sign.
Such a combination may begin a braille line.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
     5,8. NON-ROMAN scripts'
  [Note that this topic is dealt with differently
in Braille Mathematics Notation.]
  5,8,1. Single non-Roman letters or strings
of letters occurring in English context should be
preceded by the non-Roman letter sign. Neither the
ordinary letter sign nor the italic sign should be
used. In the case of a capital non-Roman
letter the non-Roman letter sign precedes the
capital sign.
    Examples: ,p (pi); .Will (capital
omega); ms ,th (manuscript theta); strain
,b (strain beta); ,ab (alpha beta).
  5,8,2. In passages of three or fewer
words of Greek or other languages not using the
Roman alphabet, occurring in English
context, each word should be preceded by the ordinary letter
sign. In passages of more than three words the
double letter sign should be used before the first word and the
single letter sign before the last word.
             ::::::::::::


           6. MATHEMATICS
       6,1. CARDINAL NUMBERS
  6,1,1. Cardinal numbers should be preceded
by the numeral sign; numbers with more than one
digit require only an initial numeral
sign.
    Examples: 3; 62; 100.
  6,1,2. Omitted digits, however shown in
print, should be represented in braille by the
equivalent number of dot 3's.
    Examples: 121197'. 4''g.
  But if print uses a single apostrophe
to represent the first two digits of a date,
only one dot 3 is necessary in braille and it should
follow the numeral sign.
    Example: the '45.
  6,1,3. The influence of the numeral sign
does not carry across any punctuation or
composition signs that link two numbers in a
string, except as provided in 6,1,2.
    Examples: 1914-18; 1630(1);
1770?-1827; 1770-)8(1850; 12th-
18th; section 47(1); '14-'18; 8-312
train; 55-717 book.
  6,1,4. Braille should follow print in using the
dash or the hyphen when one of these is used in
         6,1. cardinal numbers
strings such as compound dates, vital statistics,
sports scores, odds, voting figures, etc.
Note, however, that for typographic reasons
print may use a dash sign to represent a
normal hyphen between numbers, in which case a
hyphen should be used in braille. (see 4,3,1.)
    Examples: 1981-1990; 36-24-
36; 36--24--36; 3-1; 3--1;
40-30; 40--30.
  6,1,5. Abbreviated dates appear in
various forms in print. In braille they should be coded
with the numeral sign or letter sign as required.
They may not be divided at the braille line. The
oblique stroke and any other punctuation between
numbers should be avoided.
    Examples: 8936; 8ix36;
8IX36.
  When the second part of a compound date is
suppressed in print, the hyphen should be retained
in braille, but written unspaced from any following
punctuation.
    Example: (1882-).
  6,1,6. Telephone numbers consisting
entirely of grouped figures should be coded with the
numeral sign, which should be repeated to mark the
beginning of each print group.
    Examples: 01733370777;
         6,1. cardinal numbers
3881266st7; 0800500212.
  Where alternative numbers are shown in
brackets after the main number, or where
brackets enclose an area prefix number,
braille follows a similar procedure.
    Examples: 2331597(8);
(020(88680765.
  It is desirable that telephone numbers should not
be divided onto two braille lines. If division
is to be made because of length, this should be done before a
numeral sign and a hyphen should be inserted at the
end of the first line.
  6,1,7. Groups of letters and figures, such as
car registration numbers, old style telephone
numbers, gramophone record numbers, etc.,
should be brailled as a string if unspaced in print, and
full stops, hyphens, oblique strokes and
blank spaces, used in print as mere
separators, may sometimes conveniently be
disregarded, with the grouping simply indicated
by repetition of the numeral, letter or capital
sign. Note, however, 6,1,8, where dots within
strings of digits should be shown. Such groups should not
be divided at the braille line unless they are very
long.
    Examples: DER526G; bn35a;
33CX1234; ASD527ST8; M1;
         6,2. contracted numbers
BBC2; HAMBLEAEIG.
  However, when separators are retained, care
should be taken over the use of the letter sign.
    Example: 13/m.
  6,1,8. A dot in a string of digits should be
represented as dot 2. This applies to cases
such as decimal numbers (see 6,3), times of the
day, software program versions, book
sectionstsubsection numbers, Dewey decimal
numbers, etc. (note, however, 6,1,5 which
deals with dates. See also 7,5,6.)
    Examples: 5,30 pm; 08,30;
358,6; WordPerfect 5,1; section 3,6,1;
5,30-6; 2,30-32.
  6,1,9. The French form for indicating times of the
day can be unspaced in Standard English Braille.
(see also 7,5,6.)
    Example: 10h25.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
       6,2. CONTRACTED NUMBERS
  6,2,1. In calendars, crossword
puzzles, etc., where it is desirable that 1- and
2-digit numbers should occupy the same amount of
space as one another, the following method of
contracting numbers (which may be written with or
without the numeral sign) may be adopted.
    Dot 3 written in the same cell as the
            6,3. decimals
unit figure adds 10 to the number: k 11;
l 12; t 10.
    Dots 3-6 written in the same cell as
the unit figure adds 20: v 22; y 24;
with 20.
    Dot 6 written in the same cell as the
unit figure adds 30: ed 36; ow 39;
w 30.
    The numbers 40 to 49 are indicated by the
unit figures being written as lower signs: #:
43; #) 47; #" 40.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           6,3. DECIMALS
  6,3,1. Decimals are coded using dot 2
to represent the decimal point (see 6,1,8).
When the decimal point precedes the digits, the
numeral sign is placed before the decimal
point, not the first digit.
    Examples:
8,93 eight point nine three
0,7 nought point seven
,7 point seven
  6,3,2. Decimal coinage also uses the
decimal point.
    Examples: l8,75; $8,75.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,

            6,4. fractions
           6,4. FRACTIONS
  6,4,1. Fractions are written with the
numerator and denominator as upper and lower
signs respectively without an intervening blank
space or second numeral sign. The
numerator 1 should not be omitted.
    Examples: 1en one fifth; 3? three
eighths.
  6,4,2. A mixed number must be treated as
an undivided string. The fraction, which retains
its numeral sign, immediately follows the whole
number.
    Example: 13,! one and three
sixteenths.
  6,4,3. A halfpenny is written as a
fraction of a penny, as in print.
    Examples: 71bbp; 1bbp;
71bbd.
  6,4,4. Where, as in stock exchange
quotations, etc., the numerator of a fraction is
divided from the denominator by a hyphen (fraction
line) in print, and the fraction is spaced from the
whole number, the whole expression should be
written in braille as an ordinary fraction.
    Example: 825,ff.
  6,4,5. Ordinal terminations following
numerical fractions should normally be omitted in
        6,5. mathematical signs
braille.
  6,4,6. A numerical comma should not be shown in
the denominator of a fraction, even if it appears
in print, as the denominator is written in the
lower part of the cell; nor should a blank cell be
left to represent it.
    Example: 3'ada,""".
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
      6,5. MATHEMATICAL SIGNS
  6,5,1. If a number contains more than three
figures, a comma is often used in print
to separate them into groups of three. If shown in
print, this comma should be represented in braille by the
numerical comma (dot 3). The numerical comma
should also be used where print has a blank space
to separate the groups of figures.
    Example: 4'ejj'jjj four million
five hundred thousand.
  6,5,2. A number consisting of four or more
figures may be divided after a numerical comma
by a hyphen at the end of a braille line, the remaining
figures being written on the following line without
a numeral sign.
    Example: 1'bcd'-
efg.
  If a comma is not used in print, such a
division should not be made unless the number is very
        6,5. mathematical signs
long.
  6,5,3. A space is normally required
before operation and relation signs in braille.
    Examples:
1 ff2 -3 (0
4 83 $2 (6
3 conbled con5
  However, these signs must be unspaced from
preceding opening brackets and quotation marks.
    Example: ips (gginches per second).
  Expressions like the following should also be
unspaced, and, if they are followed by punctuation
(as below), the separation sign should be used.
    Examples: ,a-; 11ffBe 15
daysffBe ,a---very good; CffffBe change
ggff6.
  (note that in the last two examples the
second dots 5-6 sign is dropped when
using braille mathematics code.)
  6,5,4. It is generally permissible to use the
operation and relation signs unspaced before words.
However, lower contractions should not be used at the
beginning of a word when unspaced from such a sign.
    Examples: apples fforanges;
component 1 ffcomponent 2.
  6,5,5. It is generally permissible to use the
operation and relation signs unspaced before
        6,5. mathematical signs
punctuation, etc.
    Examples: "fore" ff8word"; name
--initials)
  6,5,6. The mathematical separation sign
(dot 6) should always be used to separate a
fraction from following punctuation consisting of a lower
a-just. It should be used also between a whole number and
punctuation where the punctuation sign could
reasonably be misread as the denominator of a
fraction. The separation sign is unnecessary in
cases where its omission would cause no confusion.
    Examples:
1. one followed by full stop
21; two and a half
21bb. two and a half followed by full stop
33. three and three quarters
45,! four and five sixteenths
31;-5 three and a half to five
1066. ten sixty-six followed by full stop
  6,5,7. The subscript sign and
superscript sign indicate that the expression which
follows is a subscript or superscript to the
preceding expression. Indices which are whole
numbers are brailled as lower numbers without the
numeral sign. With the exception of chemical
formulae, in literary braille it is not permissible
to omit the subscript sign, as it often is in
         6,6. ordinal numbers
mathematics notation. The use of these signs is
not restricted to mathematical expressions or
contexts: for example, their use may be
required for special reference marks.
    Examples:
ming; (m squared)
cming: (cm cubed)
xing-enough (x to the power minus five)
HchbbO or HbbO (formula for water)
eingv
Bch,; (vitamin b 12)
mchsun (mass of the sun)
  For more complicated indices see Braille
Mathematics Notation. For the use of the
capital sign in chemical formulae, see
Braille Science Notation.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
       6,6. ORDINAL NUMBERS
  6,6,1. Ordinal numbers are formed by adding the
appropriate endings to the cardinal numbers.
    Examples: 1st first, 2nd second,
3rd third, 57th fifty-seventh.
  6,6,2. When an Arabic number is
followed by a foreign ordinal termination, the
abbreviation point should be used to separate the
figure from the termination, and contractions may not be
used.
         6,7. roman numerals
    Examples: 3.@eme; 3.theme;
1dder; 8.vo; 1.o.
  Similarly, an abbreviation point should be
inserted when an Arabic number is followed by an
English ordinal termination which could otherwise be
read as an extra digit.
    Example: 22.d.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
       6,7. ROMAN NUMERALS
  6,7,1. Roman numerals are generally coded
according to the standard rules on the letter sign (5,6,2
and 5,6,6), and the rules on capitals (e.g.
5,2,2). If capitals are not generally being
shown, upper case Roman numerals are treated
as if lower case, unless the distinction between upper and
lower case Roman numerals needs to be
preserved.
    Examples: v; V; ii; II;
xxxiv; XXXIV.
  6,7,2. As an exception to 5,6,2, where a
Roman numeral brailled as lower case is
followed by an abbreviation point, both the letter
sign and abbreviation point should be retained.
    Example: xii.
  6,7,3. As required by the rules for the letter
sign and capital indicators, Roman
numerals joined by a hyphen or dash are treated
         6,7. roman numerals
separately as regards these composition signs.
    Examples: lxxxix-cxliv; VIII-
XIII; VIII-X; lv--lxxxix.
  6,7,4. When a Roman numeral brailled as
lower case is followed by a letter, also brailled as
lower case, the latter should be preceded by a letter
sign, in order to show the distinction. Otherwise the
normal rules for letter signs and capital
indicators are used.
    Examples: XVa; xva (not showing
capitals); iiB; iib (not showing
capitals).
  Roman numerals may also be used in
conjunction with Arabic numbers. (in the
example the print stop separator is omitted
in braille in accordance with 6,1,7.)
    Example: Hamlet IV2.
  6,7,5. Roman numerals should be separated
from their ordinal terminations by the abbreviation point.
Contractions may be used in English terminations
only. Note that both methods of coding foreign
accents are possible.
    Examples: x.th; X.th; xxi.st;
XXI.st; Idder; XII.e;
XII.@eme; XII.theme.
             ::::::::::::



     7. ABBREVIATIONS and symbols'
       7,1. PRINT ABBREVIATIONS
  7,1,1. The general rules on the use of the
capital indicators (in particular 5,2,2-
4 and 5,2,10) and the letter sign (in particular
5,6,2 and 5,6,6) apply to print
abbreviations. (when capitals are not generally
indicated, abbreviations should be treated as if lower
case, but see * 7,1,7-* 7,1,10.)
    Examples: BBC; pm; PhD;
B.sc.; B.sc; UNESCO; UK; MS-
DOS; SuperCOULD; SuperCDs;
FTPmail; CAMRA; BAggOxon);
DipTP; BSkyB; B&B; B. &
B.; rsvp; rsvp. [abbreviation point in
print].
  7,1,2. Contractions are permissible in an
abbreviation when the letters concerned are adjacent in
an original word, provided they cannot be mistaken
for shortforms or other wordsigns and as long as other
rules for contractions are not violated. However,
contractions should not be used when the abbreviation is
preceded by a letter sign.
    Examples: OFWAT; UUENCODE; US
(the country); WHO; QWERTY; BEd;
MIn/p; M.ch.; do (ditto); nat hist;
         7,1. print abbreviations
St (saint or street); St. (saint or
street); ad fin.; It. (italian); nem.
con.; NatWest; shd (shorthead).
  7,1,3. Although a letter sign is generally used
before a string of lower case letters, it is not used when
an abbreviation of this type (perhaps with an initial
capital indicating a proper name) is normally
read as a word. In such cases contractions may
be used.
    Examples: Nato; Unesco; laser;
radar; rom; ram; qwerty.
  Nor is a letter sign used where a lower case
abbreviation consists of an undistinguished mixture
of both initials and part words.
    Examples: email; xpath.
  7,1,4. Where the abbreviation of a single word
consists of more than one letter, the letter sign is not
generally required even when no abbreviation point
appears in print. Note that for the purpose of this
rule "etc" is regarded as a single word.
    Examples: etc; ms; mss; nr; Rd.
  However if the abbreviation as always pronounced
letter by letter, even though the letters belong to one word, the
letter sign should be used if capital indicators
are not present.
    Example: tv.
  (other examples are TB, HQ and
         7,1. print abbreviations
DDT; but these and other cases in capitals do not
require a letter sign if capitals are shown.)
  In addition, the letter sign should be used if the
abbreviation begins with a lower case letter followed by a
capital letter which is indicated as such.
    Example: mA (milliamperes).
  7,1,5. If a capitalized abbreviation could
be read as a shortform (the letter sign not being
present), the ambiguity should be removed
by capitalizing the letters separately. This method
is not available when the capital letters n or
y occur non-initially because these letters then form
contracations when preceded by dot 6. In this case
the abbreviation should be preceded by a letter sign.
    Examples: FRS; CD; CDo-
ROM; TN.
  7,1,6. In personal initials and postal
codes braille should follow print's spacing and its
use or non-use of abbreviation points.
Initials must be spaced from a following surname.
    Examples: CPE Bach; C P E
Bach; C.P.E. Bach; C. P. E. Bach;
GBS; G.BDDS.; EC4; S.W$1;
W1Not 6AA.
  However, when two initials are joined by a
hyphen and an abbreviation point appears only
after the second, braille should insert an abbreviation
         7,1. print abbreviations
point after the first letter also.
    Examples: J.-P. Sartre; L.-G.
(lloyd-George)
  * 7,1,7. When capitals are not indicated
in braille, an abbreviation consisting of capital
initials without abbreviation points should be preceded
by a letter sign, whether or not pronounced as a word.
    Examples: aids; arcm; ash;
bbc; sos; ussr; unesco; vat;
qwerty; ms-dos.
  * 7,1,8. When capitals are not indicated
in braille, a capitalised abbreviation without
abbreviation points including word fragments should be
preceded by a letter sign if not wholly pronounced
as a word. Otherwise a letter sign is not used, and
contractions may be used as in 7,1,2.
    Examples: nsfnet; inxs; milnet;
euratom; camra; ofwat.
  * 7,1,9. When capitals are not indicated
in braille, and letter case is used in an abbreviation
without stops to distinguish initial letters from whole or
part words which are pronounced as such, or part words from
other part words, the elements should be spaced, each
being treated in accordance with the above paragraphs.
    Examples: ba (oxon); b ed; dip
tp; m inst p; b sky b; grad dip
phys; mig; xmas.
         7,1. print abbreviations
  However, if such a mixed abbreviation is
pronounced letter by letter, the letter sign is sufficient
and no spaces need be inserted.
    Example: bsc.
  In some cases it is preferable to use a
hyphen rather than a space between elements in order
to show that an abbreviation is a single entity.
    Examples: d-base; vb-script;
inter-nic; omf-ers.
  In the following case it is preferable to insert
an abbreviation point rather than spacing the elements,
in order to allow the contraction to be used without
ambiguity.
    Example: ch.d (chancery Division).
  * 7,1,10. When capitals are not
indicated in braille, the abbreviations for American
states should be preceded by a letter sign, whether they
represent one or more words.
    Examples: ca (california); ny
(new York).
  7,1,11. Abbreviations may only be
divided onto two braille lines at a space,
unless they are very long.
  7,1,12. Where a print abbreviation does not
save space as against grade 2 braille, and print
is regarded as using the abbreviation as a form of
shorthand, it is permissible to dispense with the
         7,1. print abbreviations
abbreviation in braille. Such substitution is not
permissible with unit abbreviations.
    Examples: Mt. (mount); nr. (near);
pt. (part); Rt. (right); will. (with); wld.
(world).
  Where, for example, manuscript is being
reproduced and such print abbreviations are
retained, it may be necessary to explain them if they
cannot be coded as they stand without ambiguity in braille.
  7,1,13. Where an abbreviation of a word is
shown in print with the terminal letter or letters written
as a superscript, no special indication of this
is normally required in braille, and all the letters can
be treated as being on the same level. A letter
sign should be used if the string of letters would
otherwise be ambiguous. Provided that the letter
sign is not used, contractions may be used in
accordance with 7,1,2. Paragraph 7,1,12 is
still applicable in this case.
    Examples: said (said, shown in print with a
superscript d); wth (with, shown in print with a
superscript th); wh (which, shown in print with a
superscript h); your (your, shown in print with a
superscript r).
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,


          7,2. print symbols
        7,2. PRINT SYMBOLS
Ampersand
  7,2,1. In braille the ampersand may be spaced
or unspaced in accordance with print. If print
uses an ampersand in a foreign language, braille
should follow suit. Note that the rules on
sequencing for the and contraction do not apply to the
ampersand.
    Examples: Marks & Spencer;
B&B; &c (etc).

Arrows
  7,2,2. The composite signs for arrows should be
treated as words for the purposes of spacing.
    Example: ow: to the left, cono to the right.

Asterisk and Dagger
  7,2,3. In braille a space is usually
left before and after the asterisk in a line of ordinary
text. It is generally treated as a word for the
purposes of spacing with respect to adjacent
punctuation. A series of two or more asterisks
should normally be spaced from one another in braille. The
same rules apply to the dagger sign.
    Examples:
Items marked * are free.
[* exact number not known.]
          7,2. print symbols
in Greece *--and surely
  7,2,4. Where an asterisk is used
to indicate a footnote, it should normally be
placed as in print with respect to adjacent
punctuation. When it is followed by a note
number, it should be written unspaced from the
numeral sign. The asterisk, or asterisk and
number group, is spaced according to 7,2,3. The
same rules apply to the dagger sign (see also
9,4,2).
    Examples:
"and so to bed." *3
(as in Shakespeare. *bled)
  7,2,5. The braille asterisk may also be used
to represent other reference symbols occurring in
print.
  7,2,6. A series of asterisks on a line
alone in print should be shown in braille by three
asterisks centred on a line alone and divided from
one another by a single space. Centred asterisks
should be used in braille to indicate breaks in the text
however such breaks are shown in print, e.g. a
line of asterisks or dots or a blank line.
A line of asterisks may begin or end a braille
page.
  7,2,7. Where one or more asterisks occur in
print to denote a presumed omission, the
          7,2. print symbols
ellipsis should be used in braille.
    Examples: They travelled through
Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, ... and
Timor.
  For omitted letters see 4,1,5.
  7,2,8. Where a sequence of asterisks andstor
other signs is used to indicate a swear word,
print should be followed as far as possible.
    Example: **88**!!
  (see also 4,1,5.)
  7,2,9. When a dagger is used in print
to indicate "died", or is used with the name of a
church dignitary, etc., the same sign should be
used in braille.

Bullet
  7,2,10. The bullet sign . may be used
where print uses the bullet symbol, for
example to mark points in a list, etc.
However, braille writers and publishers may prefer
to use traditional layout methods in such cases
rather than representing the symbol. A lower
contraction should not be used at the beginning of a word when
unspaced from a bullet sign.

Commercial "at"
  7,2,11. The normal literary sign for the
          7,2. print symbols
commercial "at" symbol is @the. This may be
used, for example, in simple e-mail
addresses (see 5,3,6). However, the most
general method for representing such expressions
is to use computer code, in which the symbol is
represented as Ingthe+ (see 5,3).

Crosses
  7,2,12. When a series of X's is used
to represent kisses, the appropriate number
of X's should be brailled unspaced from each other and
without a letter sign.
  7,2,13. Where print uses a cross between
two breeds of animal or two varieties of
plant, etc., braille should use the cross sign.
As usual, this sign should normally be spaced on
the left but not on the right, unless a special
display format is required, as in a table, etc.
    Examples: Collie 8Alsatian;
Rosa 8Felicita.
  7,2,14. When it is clear that the symbol of the
cross is being used to signify death, it should be
replaced by the two-space sign "do." (see,
however 7,2,9).

Ditto
  7,2,15. The ditto sign for., should be
            7,3. references
spaced as a word. When it occurs in contact with
punctuation the separation sign is not necessary. Where
print uses a series of ditto signs, one will
generally suffice in braille.

Hash
  7,2,16. Where hash is followed by a number,
a second numeral sign is not necessary in braille.
However, in this case hash may be omitted in braille
where its representation is not essential. When
hash is not followed by a number, it may not be
omitted.
    Examples: @8; @ble

Male and Female Symbols
  7,2,17. The print symbols for male and
female should be shown in braille by the two-space
signs "more." and "from." respectively.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           7,3. REFERENCES
  7,3,1. The following rules apply
to abbreviation and number groups used in giving
references; for example, to pages, chapters,
volumes, etc. in books, to acts, scenes and
lines in plays, and to chapters and verses in the
Bible.
  7,3,2. Abbreviations which follow the number
            7,3. references
are generally coded according to the rules given in section
7,1, and are spaced or unspaced from the number
in accordance with print, except that, where there is
an abbreviation point in print, or the abbreviation
consists of two or more letters from the same word, so that
there is no letter sign in braille, the letterggs) of the
abbreviation must be spaced from the number in braille.
    Examples: 34 n, 34 not. or 34n
(note on page 34); 78 ff., 78 ff or
78ff (78 and following pages); 25 pp
(25 pages).
  7,3,3. Abbreviations which precede the number
are generally coded according to the rules given in section
7,1.
  Abbreviations consisting of two or more letters from one
word should be spaced or unspaced from the number according
to print. In the case of "no" (meaning number)
without an abbreviation point, a stop should only be
inserted in braille where it would be ambiguous
otherwise.
    Examples: Vol 6 (volume 6);
vol$3 (volume 3); ch5, ch$5, ch. 5
or ch 5 (chapter 5); chap. 7 (chapter
7); Sched. 6, Sch$6, Sch. 6 or
Sch 6 (schedule 6); par$8 (paragraph
8); part 2 (part 2) (7,1,12 applies);
no.7, no. 7 or no 7 (number 7);
            7,3. references
bib.no.6 (bib. number 6).
  Abbreviations consisting of a single letter or
initials, or the plurals of such abbreviations,
should normally be brailled unspaced from the number, and
in this case the letter sign is unnecessary.
    Examples: p6 (page 6); p$7
(page 7 (spaced or unspaced in the print--;
p5-13, p$5-13, pp5-13, pp$5-13
(pages 5-13); V$9 or V9 (volume
9); v.ii (volume II); r$26 (rule
26); s$45 (section 45); ss$12-15
(sections 12-15).
  Note that in cases which are not references, the
usual rules for letters and numbers apply, i.e.
print spacing should normally be followed, and letter
signs are not omitted as above.
    Examples: c 1987 (circa 1987);
c1850 (circa 1850).
  7,3,4. It is sometimes desirable to follow the
print more closely as regards spacing than
provided for in the last paragraph of 7,3,3.
    Example: can. 6 (chapter 6, as printed
in statutes).
  7,3,5. Where print employs special
symbols and braille equivalents are available, the
latter should be used. These should normally be
unspaced from the number if they precede it in
            7,3. references
braille. Multiple section and paragraph
symbols in print should be reduced to one in braille.
    Examples: s'3 (section 3); par5
(paragraph 5); s'5-6 (sections 5-6.
Two section symbols may appear in print.
  7,3,6. Where print uses abbreviations for
books of the Bible, play titles, etc., these
should be retained. Braille should follow print's use
or non-use of the abbreviation point with single letters
or part words. Separators such as stops occurring
within number groups can be omitted in accordance with
rules 6,1,7 and 6,7,4, or, if stops within
strings of digits, brailled as dot 2 according
to 6,1,8. Print's spacing should be observed, and
strings should not be divided at the braille line except
after an abbreviation point or after a hyphen
occurring in the print.
    Examples:
Heb 6,9 Hebrews six nine
1 Cor$13,2 one Corinthians thirteen two
Ruth 2,7 Ruth two seven
Mk. 6,9-7,5 Mark six nine to seven five
Matt.iii12 Matthew three twelve
Job XXXVIII2 Job thirty-eight two
Macbeth Vi8 Macbeth act V scene i
    line 8
Hamlet III iii2 Hamlet act III
         7,4. scansion and stress
    scene iii line 2
  * 7,3,7. Even if capitals are not
generally being shown in braille, where print uses both
small and capital Roman numerals in
references, it may be necessary to use capital
indicators in braille to make the distinction (see
5,2,2); but Roman numerals should never be
converted to Arabic for this purpose.
    Example: refer to ii, IV generally, and
Viii2.
  7,3,8. The braille reference signs pble vble chble
should not be used where this would involve deviating from
print with regard to the spacing or form of the
abbreviation, or to the presence or absence of the
abbreviation point. Of course, no such
restriction on their use applies to the writing of
braille which is not derived from a print original.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
      7,4. SCANSION and stress'
  7,4,1. Dots 4-5 should be used
to represent the print sign for a short or
unstressed syllable. Dots 4-5-6 should be
used to represent the print sign for a long or
stressed syllable. In general these signs should be
brailled before the first vowel of the syllable, regardless of
where they appear in print. Contractions may
normally be used after these signs with the exception of the
         7,4. scansion and stress
wordsigns for us, it and as, and contractions
beginning with a righthand character.
    Example:
Th^e curf^ew tolls th^e knell ^of
    pt^ing day
  For simplicity print often uses the long
signs only.
    Example:
The curfew tolls the knell of pting
    day
  7,4,2. Dots 3-6, preceded and followed
by a space, should be used to mark the end of a foot
where this is shown in print. Dots 3-63-6,
preceded and followed by a space, should be used
to mark a caesura, or the end of a half-line in
Old English verse. Either the foot sign or the
caesura sign may begin or end a braille line.
Where a foot sign occurs within a word, a hyphen
followed by a space is inserted after the syllable
ending the foot.
    Example:
Still stands the - forest pri- - meval, -- the -
    murmuring - pines and the - hemlocks
  7,4,3. When print uses a sign other than
the long or short sign to mark stress, the accent
sign should normally be used in braille.
    Example:
         7,5. unit abbreviations
St@ill stands the f@orest prim@eval, the
    m`urmuring p@ines and the h@emlocks
  7,4,4. If the mark for stress is printed
at the end of the stressed syllable, this arrangement can
be followed in braille, and the apostrophe rather than dot
4 should be used. A double apostrophe should be used
to mark secondary stress.
    Examples: prime'val;
commu''nica'tion.
  7,4,5. Dots 5-6 should represent any
mark used in print to show doubtful or variable
quantity, such as the long and short quantity
marks both appearing above the same syllable.
    Example: Still stands ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
       7,5. UNIT ABBREVIATIONS
  [For further details on units see
Braille Mathematics Notation.]
  7,5,1. Braille should use the same unit
abbreviations as print, including any punctuation,
even when there is no general agreement in print
on their representation. Capitals should normally
be indicated, even if not generally indicated
elsewhere in the transcription.
    Examples:
3 ft. (3 feet)
8 Like or 8 l (8 litres)
         7,5. unit abbreviations
2 m (2 metres or miles)
5 s or 5 sec (5 seconds)
3 V (3 volts)
5 mA (5 milliamperes)
8 Hz (8 hertz)
13 MW (13 megawatts)
  7,5,2. When print uses a special
symbol, the equivalent braille sign should be used.
    Example: 34 conp (34 percent).
  7,5,3. Braille should not use a unit
abbreviation when print does not.
  7,5,4. Units appearing before the number in
print should be brailled close up to the following
numeral sign, however spaced in print. Letters
close up to the following numeral sign do not
require a letter sign.
    Examples: l3; $2; f5; DMBLEF.
  7,5,5. Units appearing after the number in
print should follow the number in braille. Such units
should be spaced in braille, apart from the following which are
unspaced:
    Single-letter monetary units (which will require
the capital sign or the letter sign);
    The degree sign;
    The minute or foot sign (in print, a
single prime);
    The second or inch sign (in print, a
         7,5. unit abbreviations
double prime).
    Examples: 55 g (55 grammes);
89p (89 pence); 60" (60 degrees);
5inch (5 minutes or 5 feet); 10@*
(10 seconds or 10 inches).
  When k or m is added to a number
to indicate thousands or millions (not strictly
units), the letter should be spaced or unspaced from the
number as in print, and preceded by a letter sign.
bn indicating billions will have to be spaced from the
number in braille since a letter sign is not used
(in accordance with 7,1,4).
    Examples: 20k; 15 bn.
  7,5,6. When a unit abbreviation or
symbol is used in print as a separator between
numbers, the same procedure should be used in
braille, following print's spacing.
    Examples:
6F50 (6 francs 50)
3m50 (3 minutes 50 seconds)
  However, where a colon is used as a
separator, it is generally best to use a repeated
numeral sign only.
    Example:
332,68 (3 mins 32,68 seconds)
     (colon used in print after the 3 mins)
  (see also 6,1,8 and 6,1,9.)
         7,5. unit abbreviations
  * 7,5,7. When capitals are not generally
indicated, capitals should not be shown in conventional
informal abbreviations like the following.
    Examples: m.p.g. (miles per
gallon); mph (miles per hour).
  Nor are capitals normally needed for
monetary units when capitals are not generally
indicated.
    Examples:
dmblef (6 Deutschmarks)
ffr10 (10 French francs)
  7,5,8. In accordance with 7,1,4 the letter
sign is not required before unit abbreviations
consisting of two or more lower case letters belonging
to one word.
    Examples:
25 cm (25 centimetres)
10 kg (10 kilogrammes)
but: 30 cc (30 cubic centimetres)
  7,5,9. When the pound sign or dollar sign
is used without a number, the numeral sign is
necessary.
    Examples: The l rose; the $ fell.
  7,5,10. When the pound sign or dollar
sign is used in conjunction with letters in a monetary
unit, the signs are brailled as for@l and for@.
respectively. (this does not apply when the
         7,5. unit abbreviations
letters represent a quantity, rather than being part of the
unit itself.)
    Examples:
Ir@l20 (20 Irish pounds)
A@$60 (60 Australian dollars)
Sh@$50 (50 Shanghai dollars)
  The same method should be used in cases such as
the following:
    Example: 15'bjj@$00 (15'bjj
Escudos)
  7,5,11. Where print abbreviates large
sums of money, braille should follow suit.
    Examples: l5m (5 million
pounds); $3 bn (3 billion dollars);
lm (millions of pounds).
  7,5,12. The degree sign is used only
with a number. Otherwise "dg" must be
substituted.
    Examples: 13" (13 degrees);
21"Can (21 degrees Celsius); dgFrom
(degrees Fahrenheit).
  Note that when the degree sign is absent, the
temperature unit should be spaced in braille, as for
other units.
    Example: 21 C (21 degrees
Celsius)
  7,5,13. In combined units a dot 3 is
         7,5. unit abbreviations
used to separate the individual unit symbols
unless an oblique stroke or superscript is
present at that point.
    Examples:
3 N'm (3 newton metres)
5 Nstming; (5 newtons per square metre)
8 m'sing-be (8 metre seconds to the power
    minus 2[
  The informal abbreviation kwh (kilowatt
hour) can be treated as a single unit rather than a
compound unit. However, when printed correctly with
a capital W, it should be treated properly as
a compound unit.
    Examples:
25 kwh
25 kW'h
  7,5,14. The separation sign is required
after an index, the degree sign, the prime or
double prime, before following punctuation consisting of a
lower a-j. It is not required in other
cases.
    Examples: 3 m; 5 mingbbBe 8"Be
13"C; 5@in10@*Be 5inch 10@*.
  7,5,15. The Greek letter mu for micro should
be coded with dot 2, and capital omega for
ohms should be coded with dot 2 dot 6.
(note: Mathematics notation uses dots 4-
         7,5. unit abbreviations
6 and dots 4-5-6 for small and capital
Greek letters respectively, instead of dot
2.)
    examples: ,mWill (microwatts); 50
,Will (50 ohms).
  7,5,16. Where there is more than one number or
unit in print, braille should follow suit.
    Examples: l30 to l40; 30 to 40
m; 1 kg 597 g.
  7,5,17. Contractions may generally be used in
unit abbreviations according to the normal rules.
    Examples: 8 ins (8 inches); 1 in
(1 inch); 1 in. (1 inch); 5 mins (5
minutes); 11 st (11 stones); 11 st.
(11 stones); 12 yrs 6 mths (12 years
6 months).
  7,5,18. A unit abbreviation which would
precede the numeral sign may precede the letter
sign also.
    Examples: lx (x pounds); disity (y
dollars).
  7,5,19. Imperial currency should be brailled
according to present rules, and not according to those which were in force
when the currency was valid. Braille should therefore
seek to follow print practice as far as
possible.
    Examples: l1 17s 6d; 12s
         7,5. unit abbreviations
6; 2s6d; 2st6; 2st-.
  7,5,20. In literary contexts numbers can
be freely separated from following spaced units
at the end of a braille line. However, in
mathematical texts separation is generally
avoided.
             ::::::::::::






















       8. USE of contractions'
            8,1. GENERAL
  8,1,1. When a contraction is itself the
subject of discourse, it may be desirable that the
letters or word for which it stands should be partly or fully
written out.
    Examples: The contraction for into should be
used; must is not contracted in mustard.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
         8,2. SIMPLE upper
              wordsigns'
  8,2,1. Simple upper wordsigns may be
preceded or followed by punctuation signs, and
may be preceded by the italic or capital
signs and by the contractions to, into and by.
    Example: "You have to go!"
  8,2,2. Letters or contractions should not
directly adjoin these wordsigns.
    Examples: childlike; likeness;
peoples; stiller; whichever; without.
  They should not be used in cases like the following where
a quote sign intervenes:
    Example: "must have"s
  8,2,3. Simple upper wordsigns should
generally be used before the apostrophe followed by d,
ll, re, s, t, ve.
      8,2. simple upper wordsigns
    Examples: can't, people's, th'll, you'd,
you're, you's, you've.
  They should not be used in rarer colloquial forms.
    Examples: more'n, you'm.
  They should not be used after the apostrophe.
    Examples: d'you, t'have.
  8,2,4. These wordsigns may be used when
joined by the hyphen in compound words.
    Examples: child-like; do-it-yourself.
  However, they may not be used before or after a
hyphen in a word divided at the braille line.
    Examples: every- thing, further- more,
good- will, more- over, un- like, which-
ever.
  8,2,5. These contractions should generally be used
whatever the meaning of the word.
    Examples: but and ben, can-can, gin-and-it, have
a go, very lights, so-and-so, watering-can, whisky-still,
will and testament, will-o'-the-wisp.
  However, they should not be used for foreign words
(e.g. "was" and "so" in German, "As" used
in Arabic names); and in some other cases they should
also be avoided.
    Examples: as (roman coin); do, so
(musical notes).
  8,2,6. A simple upper wordsign should not be
used before a full stop or an interruptive dash
      8,2. simple upper wordsigns
if there could be reasonable doubt in the context as
to whether the character representing it should be read as a
wordsign or as a letter of the alphabet.
    Examples:
D. S. met H. L. But he never met T.
    More.
M. spoke to P. before he spoke to you.

Sequencing
  8,2,7. The words "and, for, of, the, with, a" should
generally follow one another without a space if
occurring on the same braille line, even when a
sense break or natural pause is present.
    Examples:
He is with the officer of the watch.
The end of a perfect day.
He looked grim andofa sad disposition.
forof course ...
in and out of the room.
him we think of and love.
for and against.
The book I was looking for the other day.
He was thought ofwith respect.
  However, a space should be left between such words
when one of them is part of a hyphenated compound word.
    Examples: of- and for-organisations;
uncalled-for and out of order; The with-profit
      8,2. simple upper wordsigns
scheme.
  When "a" represents a foreign word it should not
be sequenced to English words in this group.
    Example: the a priori
  * 8,2,8. When capitals are not shown
sequencing is still permissible for proper names.
    Example: He came forwith [with is a
proper name].
  8,2,9. When such words are sequenced, they do
not extend the scope of italic and capital
signs to cover other words in the sequence.
    Examples: He was for the motion. He ate
a cake AND A banana.
  8,2,10. If a capital or italic
indicator or termination sign intervenes within a
continuous group of the words "and, for, of, the, with, a",
the words should not be sequenced at that point.
    Examples:
He asked for The Times.
Can i go with' the man?
He was one of the Joneses.
Binyon's For The Fallen.
A chorus of for he's a jolly good
    fellow.'.
through and out of.' the tunnel.
  But notice the following.
    Example:
     8,3. simple upper groupsigns
Both now and for the next five years.'.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
         8,3. SIMPLE upper
             groupsigns'
  8,3,1. The contractions and, for, of,
the, with, ch, gh, sh, th, wh,
ed, er, ou, ow, st, ar should generally
be used wherever the letters they represent occur.
    Examples: afforestation, arrow,
bacchanalia, deer, derelict, dough, edict,
fashion, ghost, need, office, outer, owner,
peddled, profound, roof, shower, smoothed, sofa,
south, southern, standard, towards, wander, wither.
  8,3,2. When in colloquial forms the
apostrophe is intentionally omitted in print,
simple upper groupsigns should be used in the
following cases, but simple wordsigns and
shortforms must not be used.
    Examples: hed, shed, wed, were, youre
(for he'd, she'd, etc.).
  8,3,3. The contraction for sh should not be used
in the exclamation demanding silence unless there is a
plurality of s's or h's.
    Examples: sh! ssh! shhh!
  8,3,4. In ordinal numbers the contractions
st and th are used.
    Examples: 1/, 4th.
     8,3. simple upper groupsigns
  When a letter is followed by the ordinal termination
th, the th should be contracted and written
unspaced from the letter, even though contractions are not
normally used after the letter sign (see 5,6,12).
    Example: nth.

ble and ing
  8,3,5. These groupsigns may not be used at
the beginning of a word. However, they may generally be
used in the middle or at the end of a word wherever the
letters they represent occur. They may not be used
after a hyphen in a hyphenated compound word, though
they may be used at the beginning of a braille line in a
divided word.
    Examples: adorable, awn- ings (divided
at the braille line), blemish, dinghy, distinguish,
em- m (divided at the braille line), gingham,
ingle, ingram, ingratitude, meringue, nobler,
over-ingratiating, problem, rabble, singe, Singh,
skiing, ski-+, to-+ and fro-+, whistling.
  8,3,6. The contraction for ing should be used
whether the g is pronounced hard or soft.
    Examples: cringing, ginger, nightingale,
singing.
  8,3,7. The contraction for ble may not
generally be used before the letters a or n.

          8,4. lower contractions
    Examples: pitchblende, tableau.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
        8,4. LOWER CONTRACTIONS
  8,4,1. Any number of lower contractions and
punctuation signs may follow one another without
an intervening space, provided that the string
includes an upper sign and that all other rules
are observed.
    Examples: queen-consort; "sudden!";
to come in; "where are we goin'?"
  8,4,2. The presence of the italic sign or
line sign does not affect the use of lower
signs.
    Examples: by considering, to be, disen-
tangle, into disuse, was it enough?;
inddar enough--ar
  8,4,3. Lower contractions may only be used
after capital signs if the string includes an
upper sign.
    Examples: When We Were Very Young;
In-laws; Be quiet.
  8,4,4. The contractions for be, con,
dis, en and in may not be used at the beginning
of a word before a hyphen occurring at the end of a braille
line. This even applies when they are in contact
with a letter of the alphabet or an upper contraction
through a preceding hyphen or dash.
          8,4. lower contractions
    Examples: .........'' It's so--in-
distinct. .................. well-be-
haved.

to, into, by
  8,4,5. These lower wordsigns should be written
unspaced from a word which follows on the same braille
line, even when a sense break or natural
pause is present.
    Examples:
By and by he went to school by bus.
It was divided into at least three parts.
His pay was not increased by as much as that.
By and large she stood by her decision.
Into or out of the house.
She came by the shop yesterday.
It was referred to yesterday.
Cows passed by from time to time.
This is something i shall have to go into tomorrow.
Birds flew to and fro.
  8,4,6. These contractions may be sequenced
to one another.
    Examples:
He was referred to by name.
This needs looking into to find the cause.
  8,4,7. When one of these words is followed
by be, enough, were, his, in, was.', the first
          8,4. lower contractions
word only in the group should be contracted.
    Examples:
He wished to be consulted by his friends.
Have we gone into enough detail?
What they swore by was tomato soup.
We fell to in the high street.
The rooms that I looked into were empty.
by enough--then
  8,4,8. These contractions may be used after
open quotes, open brackets, the oblique
stroke and the dash. They may be used before the
numeral, letter and accent signs and before or after the
italic signs.
    Examples:
"To err is human."
Up to 1984.
He treated us to @eclairs.
by default.
x into y does not go.
  8,4,9. to, into and by may not be
contracted and sequenced to the following word when a
capital indicator or termination sign
intervenes.
    Examples:
It was by Mozart.
It was by J S Bach.
He went into THE DUNGEON!
          8,4. lower contractions
TO ME
  8,4,10. These contractions must not be used as
parts of words.
    Examples: bygone; intoxicant;
towards.
  8,4,11. They may not be used in the following
cases: before or after the hyphen or apostrophe;
before the ellipsis; before other punctuation.
    Examples: well-to-do; lean-to
greenhouse; to 'im; go to ...; What is
meant by "squaring the circle"?; to (the city of
London.
  8,4,12. They may be used after, but not before,
mathematical signs other than the numeral
sign.
    Examples: To live ggffchange; The
temperature dropped from ff2" to -3".
  8,4,13. The two braille characters of the contraction for
into must be contiguous on the same braille line.

be, were, his, was
  8,4,14. These wordsigns may be preceded by the
italic sign. They may not be used in conjunction
with any other sign. (for the letter group be see
8416-19.) The signs for were, .his and was
may not be used as parts of words.
    Examples:
          8,4. lower contractions
He was pleased.
As you were!
It may be.
He is devoted to his bicycle.
A would-be actor.
He came--his sister too.
It wasn't a werewolf.
Was it?
  8,4,15. Although the lower contractions be,
were, .his and was may not be used in conjunction with a
dash occurring in the same braille line, they may be
used if they are separated from the dash by the ending of a
braille line.
    Examples: ............'' it was--
his choice. .........'.........'' it was
--his choice.
  However, the contraction be should not be used when the
word is part of a compound hyphenated word, even when
separated by the end of a braille line.
    Example: would- be

be, con, dis, com
  8,4,16. The contractions for be, con and
dis may be used at the beginning of a word or after
a hyphen in a hyphenated compound word, provided
the letters they represent constitute a syllable.
They may not be used elsewhere in a word.
          8,4. lower contractions
    Examples: become; unbecoming; connect;
disconnect; distinct; indistinct; better; conch;
disc; dishevelled; self-discipline.
  8,4,17. be, con and dis may not be
contracted before or after the apostrophe, or before the
hyphen.
    Examples: be'ave, dis'eartened;
be-all, con-man.
  8,4,18. The contractions for be, con,
dis and com, where permissible in a complete
word, should be used in a recognised abbreviation of
that word.
    Examples: comp. werecomposition), conj.
(conjunction), conn. (connecticut), cont.
(continued), dist. (district).
  But where the letters forming the contraction are not
followed by the next letter of the complete word, the
contraction may not be used.
    Examples: mod cons; pros and cons.
  8,4,19. The contraction for com may only
be used at the beginning of a word, but it need not form a
syllable.
    Examples: coma; comb; come; comfort;
by comparison; to come.
  But it must not be used when the letters co are added
to a complete word to give a word of cognate
meaning.
          8,4. lower contractions
    Examples: comates; comingle.
  8,4,20. The contraction for com must not be
used in contact with the apostrophe, hyphen or
dash.
    Examples: com'st; in-comer;
most--comely.
  But com may be contracted if separated from the
dash by the ending of a braille line.
    Examples: .........'' don't be--
complacent. ...............'' don't be
--complacent.
  8,4,21. The contractions for be, con,
dis, com may only be used at the beginning
of a braille line in a divided word when the fragment
on the new line is a dictionary word and the
contractions would be permissible in that word.
    Examples: ill- conceived; in- distinct;
re- conciliation; self- discipline; un-
believer; wel- come; well- beloved. but: according-
complish; aphro- disiac; ba- con; ben-
dis; Eliza- bethan; re- concile.

enough, en, in, in
  8,4,22. The lower contractions for en and in
should generally be used wherever the letters they represent
occur.
    Examples: Benenden, engine, feminine,
          8,4. lower contractions
final, genome, linen, peninsula.
  8,4,23. The contraction for en may not be
used when the letters form a word or an element of a
hyphenated compound word.
    Examples: Aix-en-Provence; Chou
En-lai; en route; en saga.
  8,4,24. The signs which represent the words
enough and in may generally be used whenever these words
occur. But they may only be used in conjunction with
punctuation if the string includes an upper
sign. (note, however, 8,4,7.)
    Examples:
He had enough--more than enough.
They stayed with their in-laws.
"Teach-in" was the phrase he used.
Enough's as good as a feast.
It was enough--6.
ggin file)

ea and Double Letters
  8,4,25. The contractions for ea, bb,
cc, dd, ff and gg may only be used when
these letters occur between letters or contractions in the
same word written in one braille line. They must not
begin or end a braille line. They may be used before
the accent sign.
    Examples: abb`e, adds, beat, dagger,
          8,4. lower contractions
seas; but: add, easy, moth- eaten, pea-
nut, sea.
  8,4,26. The contraction for ea and the double letter
contractions should not be used before or after the
apostrophe or hyphen.
    Examples: cliff's, 'ead, egg-
shell, robb'd, sea'orse.

ea
  8,4,27. In general the ea contraction should
be used whenever ea occurs within a word.
    Examples: acreage, areas,
changeability, create, creativity, delineate,
European, foreseeably, idealistic, ideas,
laureate, likeable, lineage, lineal, malleable,
mileage, miscreant, nauseating, oceanic,
pageant, peaceable, permeable, permeate, rateable,
reality, roseate, seas.
  8,4,28. In an unhyphenated compound word,
when the first element ends or the second element
begins with ea, the ea should be contracted.
    Examples: areaway, motheaten, northeast,
seaman, speakeasy, spreadeagle, teatime.
  8,4,29. The contraction for ea should not be used
when the letters belong to two distinct syllables and the a
does not begin a suffix, or when the form of a
root word would be excessively distorted.
        8,5. composite wordsigns
    Examples: aurora borealis,
beatific, genealogy, habeas corpus,
hanseatic, Neapolitan, orgeat,
pancreas, pineapple.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
      8,5. COMPOSITE WORDSIGNS
Dot 4-5 Contractions
  8,5,1. The contraction for word should be used
wherever the letters it represents occur.
    Examples: foreword, sword, wordiness,
Wordsworth.
  However, the contractions for upon, these, those and
whose should only be used where they retain their meanings
as whole words.
    Examples: hereupon, whereupon, ^whsoever; but:
coupon, Dupont, hypotheses, Thoseby.

Dot 4-5-6 Contractions
  8,5,2. The following contractions should generally
be used wherever the letters they represent occur: cannot,
many, spirit, world, their.
    Examples: dispirited, Germany, Romany,
theirs, worldly.
  The contraction had may generally be used when the
a is short.
    Examples: hadn't, Hadrian.

        8,5. composite wordsigns

Dot 5 Contractions
  8,5,3. In general the following dot 5
contractions should be used wherever the letters they
represent occur: day, father, know, lord, mother, question,
right, work, young, character, through, ought.
    Examples: acknowledge, aright, bought,
characterise, characteristic, doughty, drought, fatherly, fought,
lordly, midday, playwright, questionnaire, righteous,
smother, throughout, workshop, younger.
  8,5,4. The contraction for ever may only be
used when the stress is on the first e and the letter
group is not preceded by an e or i.
    Examples: lever, fever, never, sever,
several; but: believer, persevere, reverberate,
revere, severe, severity.
  8,5,5. The contraction for here may only be
used when the letters it represents are pronounced as
one syllable with the h aspirated.
    Examples: adhere, hereto, herewith; but:
heresy, sphere.
  8,5,6. The contraction for name may only be
used when the letters it represents are pronounced as
one syllable.
    Examples: namely, namesake, unnamed;
but: enamel, ornament, unamended.
  8,5,7. The contraction for one should in general
        8,5. composite wordsigns
only be used when all three letters it represents
are pronounced as one syllable. In addition, the
contraction should be used in the word ending oney, for
words sounding like "stoney".
    Examples: alone, bone, done, gone,
lonely, phoney, stone, telephone; but:
anemone, bayonet, colonel, phonetic,
soonest.
  However, note the following exceptions.
    Examples: honest, honey, monetary,
money.
  8,5,8. The contraction for part should generally be
used wherever the letters it represents occur.
    Examples: apartheid, parterre, partial,
particular, partook, repartee, spartan.
  However, the th or the contractions should be
used in preference in words where th is pronounced
as a single sound.
    Examples: Parthian, Parthenon.
  8,5,9. The contraction for some should be used
wherever the letters it represents form a definite
syllable of the basic word.
    Examples: chromosome, handsome, handsomer,
handsomest; but: blossomed, gasometer,
ransomed, somersault.
  8,5,10. The contraction for time should only be
used when the letters it represents are pronounced as
       8,6. composite groupsigns
the word "time".
    Examples: maritime, sometimes, timer, times,
Timex; but: centime, centimetre, Mortimer,
multimedia.
  8,5,11. The contraction for under should be used
except when the letters it represents are immediately
preceded by the vowels a or o.
    Examples: blunder, funder, thunder, undertake;
but: bounder, launder, maunder.
  In addition it should not be used when only the un
is a prefix.
    Example: underived.
  8,5,12. The contraction for there may only be
used in words of which the word "there" forms a component
part.
    Examples: thereabouts, thereafter, therefrom;
but: ethereal, smithereens.
  8,5,13. The contraction for where should generally be
used wherever the letters it represents occur.
    Examples: nowhere, whereupon; but: where'er,
wherever.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
     8,6. COMPOSITE GROUPSIGNS
  8,6,1. Contractions formed with dots 4-6,
5-6 and 6 should generally be used wherever the letters
they represent occur except at the beginning of a
word.
       8,6. composite groupsigns
    Examples:
blessing, cancel, dancer, enhanced, mountain,
    persuasion, sound, wounded.
bastion, cement, Guinness, incongruous, infinity,
    laity, mongoose, sinfulness, sponge, thence.
creation, rationally, really, rotation, squally.
  8,6,2. These contractions may not follow the
apostrophe.
    Examples: bo'ness; grey'ound
(greyhound); 'ound (hound); 'tion!
(attention).
  8,6,3. These contractions may generally be used
after the hyphen where a word has been divided between
two braille lines.
  However, in a hyphenated word appearing wholly
on one print line they must not be used after the
hyphen. This even applies when a midline
hyphen in print happens to occur at the end of the
line in braille.
    Examples: channel-less, cre-ation,
one-ness, refer-ence.
  8,6,4. The contraction for ong should be used
whether the g is pronounced hard or soft.
    Examples: longevity, mongrel, prong,
sponge, uncongenial.
  8,6,5. The contraction for ness should not be
used in feminine endings.
            8,7. shortforms
    Examples: baroness, chieftainess,
citizeness, governess, lioness,
marchioness.
  8,6,6. The contraction for ity should not be used
in words like the following.
    Examples: fruity, hoity-toity,
rabbity.
  8,6,7. The dot 6 contractions ally and
ation may not be used when immediately preceded by a
capital indicator or terminator, but are
otherwise unaffected by the presence of
capitals.
    Examples: Nationally, tALLY,
tAlly, nAtion, nATION, Mcnally.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           8,7. SHORTFORMS
  8,7,1. Shortforms can in general be used
wherever they occur as whole words, whatever their
meaning.
    Examples: according (agreeing, granting); letter
(epistle, one who lets, etc.); must
(obligation, mould, new wine, etc.); quick
(alive, fast).
  8,7,2. They may be preceded and followed
by additions provided there is no interference with
spelling, the basic word retains its original
meaning, and the resultant word could not be mistaken for
            8,7. shortforms
another word.
    Examples: children's, get-together, goodies,
greatest, lettered; but: befriended, blinded,
declaration, mustard, shoulder.
  8,7,3. Shortforms composed of the first letters of a
word (e.g. after, blind, friend) may not be used before a
vowel when the resulting combination of letters could be
mistakenly pronounced as a word.
    Examples: aftereffects, befriended,
blinding; but: blindfold.
  8,7,4. Shortforms may not be divided onto
two braille lines, but, if occurring at the end of a
braille line, may be joined by a hyphen to additions
on the following line.
    Example: ..................' immediate-
ly.
  They may also be used at the beginning of a braille
line in a divided word.
    Example: ..................' pre-
conceived.
  8,7,5. It is sometimes advisable for names,
words or pronounceable letter-groups, when they could be
confused with shortforms in braille, to be preceded by the
letter sign. The presence of the capital sign
does not affect the need for a letter sign. (note
that the letter sign is not needed in this context in
grade 1 braille, since there is no confusion with
            8,8. preference
shortforms in that case.)
    Examples: ab initio; Al-Azar;
Al Capone; Al Fayyum; al fresco;
et al; et al.; Min of Ag and Fish;
hm.
  8,7,6. When confusion would occur in proper
names containing letters which make up shortforms but do not
stand for such, these names should be preceded by the letter sign
and no contraction should be used within a complete name.
    Examples: Afyon; but: Schneider.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           8,8. PREFERENCE
  8,8,1. Preference should normally be given
to contractions which cause a word to occupy fewer
cells, unless this would result in serious
distortion.
    Examples: advanced, aright, bastion,
dancer, happiness, meander, named, timer, vengeance,
wither; but: tableau.
  8,8,2. The contractions for and, for,
of, the, with should be used in preference
to other contractions, provided their use does not
waste space.
    Examples: bathed, effort, offer, other,
theatre, then; but: thence.
  8,8,3. Simple upper groupsigns should be
used in preference to simple lower groupsigns,
            8,8. preference
provided their use does not waste space.
    Examples: afford, cobbler, coffee,
fear, gabbled, nearly, nuclear, rabble,
saccharine, wedding; but: distinct, disturbed.
  However, in some unhyphenated compound words, or
words beginning with a prefix, it is preferable to use
a lower groupsign instead of an upper, so as
to avoid bridging.
    Examples: bedraggled, berated, egghead,
flearidden, tearoom.
  8,8,4. Simple groupsigns should generally be
preferred to composite contractions, provided their
use does not waste space.
    Examples: adherent, adherer, cohered,
commenced, component, congo, congratulate, congruity
(as contrasted with incongruity), effulgent,
experienced, fenced, gathered, haddock, heredity,
influenceable, poisoned, prisoner, shadow,
silencer, slithered, Spencer, telephoned,
toner, weathered.
  However, if the form of the word would otherwise be
distorted, composite contractions should be used.
    Examples: coney, limbless, midday,
stronghold, whereas.
  8,8,5. Contractions should not be used which would
upset the usual pronunciation of words.
    Examples: asthma not asthma, creation
             8,9. bridging
not creation, dishevelled not dishevelled, gingham
not gingham, isthmus not isthmus, posthumous
not posthumous.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            8,9. BRIDGING
Prefixes
  8,9,1. In general, contractions which bridge
a prefix and the remainder of a word are permissible
unless their use would make the word hard
to assimilate by the reader. In particular, the
contractions ed, en, er, of and st are
permissible.
    Examples: deduce, denationalise,
denominator, denote, derail, derange, edict,
mistake, misterm, predestine, predicament,
prediction, predominate, prerogative,
profile, profound, profusion, redouble, renew. but:
comate, deactivate, disulphide,
inessential, mishear, react, readmit,
sublet.
  8,9,2. Except in the case of the contraction
for ea it is usually not advisable to take
advantage of a prefix in order to use a
contraction which could not have been used in the original
word.
    Examples: disingenuous,
electroencephalogram, unblemished,
             8,9. bridging
unfulfilled, unlessoned; but: disease,
uneatable.

Suffixes
  8,9,3. Generally speaking, a contraction may
bridge a word and its suffix.
    Examples: boredom, dukedom, freedom,
orangery, savagery.
  However, bridging contractions should be avoided
when aspirated h is preceded by c, g, s,
t or w, and in certain other cases.
    Examples: Cunnyngham, knighthood,
biscuity, orangeade.

Compound Words
  8,9,4. Contractions should not be used to bridge
the elements of compound words.
    Examples: bottleneck, headdress,
hideaway, indiarubber, insofar, kettledrum,
painstaking, stateroom.
  8,9,5. The contractions for ch, gh, sh,
th, wh should not be used when the h is
aspirated at the beginning of a clearly marked
syllable.
    Examples: carthorse, cowherd, egghead,
grasshopper, longhand, rawhide, stronghold,
sweetheart.
           8,10. english names

Diphthongs
  8,9,6. The contraction for ea should not be used
when the e or a forms part of the diphthong ae,
whether printed as such or not.
    Examples: Judaean, Liliaceae.
  8,9,7. In other cases contractions can be
used.
    Examples: diaeresis, encyclopaedia,
phoenix, Betws-y-coed, Blaenau
Ffestiniog, Caernarvon, Baedeker, Goering,
Gruenfeld, Schoenberg.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
         8,10. ENGLISH NAMES
  8,10,1. The general rules on the use of
contractions apply. Care should be exercised not
to use contractions which would contribute to the
mispronunciation of names.
  8,10,2. Simple upper wordsigns may be
used for proper names (but see 8,2,6).
    Examples: Thomas More, Will
Shakespeare, Saint-Just, Robert Child,
William Grant St.
  8,10,3. Simple groupsigns should generally
be used in English proper names, subject
to 8,10,1.
    Examples: Anthony, Castlereagh,
        8,11. foreign words and names
Chatham, Combes, Conrad, Cosham, Langham,
Langholm, Southend, Thelma.
  (for other examples see Appendix
III.)
  * 8,10,4. The contractions for cc and ch
must not be used in names where Mac or Mc forms a
prefix meaning "son of".
    Examples: mccall, macconnachie,
machattie, mchugh.
  8,10,5. The contraction for con should not be
used in names having the "O'" prefix.
    Examples: O'Connor,
O'Connell.
  8,10,6. Composite contractions, including
shortforms, may be used as the whole or part of
English proper names, subject to 8,10,1.
    Examples: Brighton, Day, Dolittle,
Good, Goodge Street, Goodwin, Greatorex,
Haddon (see 8,8,4), Hadley, Little,
Llwood, Lord, Mistress Quickly, Much
Wenlock, Saunders, Somerset, Wally,
Young.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
     8,11. ForEIGN words and names'
  8,11,1. Foreign words and phrases,
sentences, titles, names, etc., may generally be
contracted, whether or not they are italicised or
        8,11. foreign words and names
quoted. The general rules on the use of
contractions apply. Care should be exercised not
to use contractions which would contribute to the
mispronunciation of words.
    Examples: Andreas; Antigone;
Antinous; Boccherini; Bundestag;
Charleroi; dachshund; d@el@egation;
Diaghilev; @edition; ex parte; Gasthof;
Goethe; Leningrad; Liebestod;
Llandaff; Montreal; nation (french);
reale; Reichstag; Stadtholder; table
d'h@ote; t@el@evision; Villeneuve;
Wenceslas.
  8,11,2. Extended pieces of foreign text
(e.g. a whole paragraph) are, however, better
left entirely uncontracted.
  8,11,3. In Welsh words brailled in Standard
English Braille, the contraction ed should not be used
in the group edd because dd is a distinct letter in
Welsh. However the contraction dd may be used in
this case. Similarly, in the group off the
contraction ff is used, but not of.
    Example: eiste.fod.
  8,11,4. In words such as "Skovgaard" in
which aa is used to represent the letter a with a
superscript circle, the ar contraction may still
be used.
          8,12. early english
  8,11,5. In Greek words transliterated
into Roman script the combination sth should have
th contracted (representing the letter theta), and not
st.
  8,11,6. Contractions are not used in text
employing the special signs for accented letters
(appendix II).
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
        8,12. EARLY ENGLISH
  8,12,1. In general, passages in
English written after about 1300 may be
contracted. However, the following list
demonstrates the need for extreme care.
    Examples: acrosse (not acre); againe
(not age); bothe (both); coud (cold, however
"could" would be permissible if used regularly);
daynty (dainty); dolefull (doleful); ffirst
(not ffirst); fful (full); forthe (forth, to avoid
confusion with the words "for the"); gentillesse; gentlenes
(gentleness); ha.e (not hadde); heathenesse
(heathendom); hmfe (not himselfe); loue
(love); monethe (month); onely (only); ouer
(over); sones (sons); soone (not soone);
suche (not sche, which is a variant spelling of
"she"); swolewith (swallows); worlde; yoonge
(not yoonge); youre (to avoid confusion with youre, which
is a variant spelling of "ire").
      8,13. stammered and slurred words
  8,12,2. The shortform "also" ("also") should
not be used in passages where it might be read as a
variant spelling of "all".
  8,12,3. Where the special old English
letters are used (see Appendix I (C), and in
passages written before about 1300, permissible
contractions are greatly restricted.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
      8,13. StAMMERED, lisped and
             slurred words'
  8,13,1. A hyphen should be used in braille
to divide stammered syllables regardless of whether
print uses a hyphen or a dash. The letterggs)
or contraction preceding and following the hyphen should
be identical.
    Examples: but-but-because, go-ghost,
gr-ground, lea-leave, more-must, this-these,
will-what, which-what, which-where.
  8,13,2. Stammered words should not be preceded
by the letter sign and should not be divided at the braille
line unless at least three stammered syllables
appear on the first line.
  8,13,3. For the sake of clarity simple
wordsigns should be avoided in stammered words.
    Examples: can-can, can-can't, go-go,
this-this, will-was, will-will.
  8,13,4. If print does not separate the
            8,14. word endings
stammered or slurred letters of a word, a hyphen should
not be inserted in braille. Simple groupsigns may
be used across the boundary of slurred or stammered
letters, but not composite groupsigns.
    Examples: cooooountry, gggood,
lllittle, loooong, sisterrrr.
  8,13,5. In transcribing lisped or
slurred words the th contraction should be used, but not
the.
    Examples: thenotaph (cenotaph),
sisther (sister), thuthpenthe (suspense).
  8,13,6. When stammered words are
italicised, each element separated by a hyphen
is counted as a separate word as regards
italics (see 5,5,8).
    Example: so-sister
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
          8,14. WORD ENDINGS
  8,14,1. Word endings, which occur frequently
in dictionaries and grammar books, and also
elsewhere, are generally prefixed in print by a
hyphen or swung dash, for which a hyphen should
normally be used in braille.
  8,14,2. The following contractions may not be
used at the beginning of a word ending: ble, ing,
ea, the double letter contractions, contractions beginning
with dots 4-6, 5-6 or 6, and all
            8,14. word endings
simple wordsigns; but subsidiary contractions
may be used.
    examples: comational, combled, comccio,
comean, comence, coming, comount.
  8,14,3. The contractions for be, con,
dis, com may only be used at the beginning
of a word ending under the same conditions as at the
beginning of a runover in a divided word (see
8419); in addition com cannot be contracted after
a hyphen (see 8421).
  8,14,4. Where the italicised ending of a word
stands alone and is preceded by a hyphen, the
italic sign should follow the hyphen.
    Example: "words ending with com.ing."
  The letter sign can often be substituted for the
combination of hyphen and italic sign.
    Example: "words ending with ing."
  8,14,5. All word endings must contain an
upper sign. The italic sign does not count as
an upper sign for this purpose.
    Example: com.in.
             ::::::::::::







       9. LAYOUT and book work'
            9,1. GENERAL
  9,1,1. The paragraphs of section 9 are
intended to provide guidance in matters of
layout. Some diversity will always exist where
formatting procedures are concerned.
  9,1,2. It may be advisable to contact one
of the principal publishers of braille before tackling
transcriptions which involve particularly
complicated layout procedures, e.g. tables,
genealogies, concrete poetry, elaborate
notes.
  9,1,3. In interline transcriptions it
may be inadvisable to use blank lines. Thus
certain procedures outlined below may have to be
modified.
  9,1,4. The page information line, which should
appear at the top of each braille page, should
contain, if at all possible, all of the following
four items: the print page number (which should
occupy the first cells of the line); the lowest ranking
meaningful title, abbreviated as necessary, which may be
that of the book itself, or of a section of it; the lowest
ranking meaningful divisional number or number
group; and the braille page number (which should occupy the
last cells of the line). It should aim to be as
             9,1. general
informative as the space available permits. The
first three items of information should relate to the
material appearing on the last line of the braille
page in question, and if this last line contains only the
print page turn (see 9,1,5), it is the
new print page number which should be shown on the
information line. The first item should consist of a single
number, and not a range. The order of the second
and third items will depend on whether the number
or number group is that of the title in question, or
whether it is subordinate to it. A title page
does not require a page information line, and there
are other situations where not all four items would be
appropriate.
  9,1,5. Where print page turns are shown,
the print page indicator should be followed
(unspaced) by the new print page number, and this
combination, which should be centred on a line alone, may
appear on any line of a page except the page
information line.
  9,1,6. Several types of heading are
available in braille:
    (1) centred heading;
    (2) cell 1 side heading, preceded by a
blank line or centred heading, and followed by a
cell 3 paragraph;
    (3) cell 3 side heading followed by a
             9,1. general
cell 3 paragraph;
    (4) cell 3 side heading followed by a
full stop, a short dash and the continuation of the
text.
  Italicised versions of types (2), (3)
and (4) are also available; though when type (4)
is italicised, the short dash is not required
in braille unless it is used in print.
  These types of heading may be used to indicate
diminishing levels of importance, the italicised
version of a heading usually indicating a higher
level of importance than the unitalicised
version.
  9,1,7. Where print uses bullet points,
dashes, hyphens, squares, bars or stars before the
items in a series of points each starting on a
new line, braille should normally omit the print
symbols and begin each point in cell 5 with
runovers in cell 1. However, where it is
considered desirable to retain the symbols the
equivalent braille signs should be used (see
7,2,10).
  9,1,8. When signs are borrowed from a
specialist code or have to be invented, they should be
listed on a special signs page at the
beginning of each volume, unless the volume
contains only prefatory or concluding matter in
            9,2. book work
which the special signs do not occur. This page should
refer to the whole book and therefore be the same in
each volume. However, if the number of signs
from a specialist code is sufficiently large,
reference should rather be made to the relevant
codebook.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
          9,2. BOOK WORK
  9,2,1. In a braille transcription consisting
of two or more volumes, the first volume, besides
containing the regular contents page for the volume
itself, should also include a complete contents list
covering the whole work, giving print and, as far as
possible, braille page references. Such a complete
contents list is not necessary if the book is divided
into chapters or sections which have numbers, but no
titles. If the book is in only one
volume, there will of course be only one contents
list, which should include both print and braille page
references. The absence of a contents page in print
is not a sufficient reason for not having one in
braille.
  9,2,2. All dust jacket material from the
print edition of a book should normally be
reproduced in the braille transcription.
  9,2,3. The International Standard Book
Number of each book transcribed into braille should
          9,3. correspondence
appear in the braille edition.
  9,2,4. On the outer cover of each braille
volume, both in braille and (on the spine, where
possible) in print, there should be a clear indication
of the following: the author (normally); the title
of the work (in abbreviated form, where necessary); the braille
volume number; and the total number of volumes
in the work.
  9,2,5. In the braille edition of all
alphabetically arranged reference works the first and
last headings of material in each volume should be
indicated in braille on the outer cover of that
volume.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
         9,3. CORRESPONDENCE
  9,3,1. The print layout of letters should be
followed whenever practicable. 9,3,2 may be
adopted where no print model is available.
  9,3,2. The lines of the address at the head
of a letter should all begin in the same cell and the
longest line should end in the last cell of the braille
line. When the recipient's name and address are
written above the salutation, each line should start in
cell 1. After a blank line, the salutation should
begin in cell 1. Paragraphs within the letter should
start in cell 3. After a blank line, the
valediction should begin in cell 1. The
             9,4. notes
signature andstor subscript, which may be
divided onto more than one line, should follow in
cell 1. Punctuation should not be added at line
ends when there is none in print.
  9,3,3. If the valediction andstor name and
address follow the letter after a short dash in
print, the same arrangement may be used in braille.
  9,3,4. The address, date, telephone
number, salutation and signature must not be
separated by the turn of the braille page from at least
one line (or part of a line) of the text of the letter.
This may necessitate leaving several lines
blank at the bottom of a page.
  9,3,5. Where a letter is printed in italics,
these are often not necessary in braille. When quotation marks
or italics are required, they should be opened before
each braille line of address, date, valediction,
etc.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            9,4. NOTES
  9,4,1. Notes may be dealt with in a
number of ways, depending on their character, length and
frequency, and the context in which they occur. The
guidelines given below might be modified for
notes attached to tables and diagrams, or
occurring in magazines and short documents.
  9,4,2. Within text the asterisk should be used
             9,4. notes
to indicate a note. If there are two kinds of
note, the dagger may also be used. The note
number, if required, should follow the asterisk
or dagger without a space. When print gives
each note in a work a unique number, braille should
reproduce print's numbering. (see also
7,2,4.)
  9,4,3. Only brief unnumbered
referential notes may be placed within the text
in square brackets, and such notes do not
require reference symbols as provided in
9,4,2.
  9,4,4. Notes may appear at the ends of
paragraphs to which they refer, provided that they are
marked off sufficiently clearly from surrounding
text by means of indentation, blank lines or some
other device.
  9,4,5. Notes should never appear at the
foot of the page in braille, as they quite commonly do in
print. They may be gathered together at the ends of
chapters or articles within a volume, but only
if this arrangement is adopted in print. If not
lengthy or numerous, they may appear on
separate notes sheets at the ends of the
volumes which contain the text to which they relate. But
substantial bodies of notes are best placed
in separate volumes or pamphlets,
             9,4. notes
provided that any such volume or pamphlet
contains at least thirty sheets. In order
to achieve this minimum, other ancillary
material, such as appendices, bibliography
and index, should, if necessary, be included with the notes.
  9,4,6. If the note is indented (see
9,4,4), the note number should begin in cell
5; otherwise in cell 1. The page and line
references should form a string and should follow the note
number after a blank space. The text of the
note should follow the reference. The margin for
runovers should be set 2 cells deeper than the
note number, and internal paragraphs should begin
2 cells further in than this margin.
    Example:
13 p8921 Text of note running over to
  next line.
    New paragraph within note running over to
  next line.
  9,4,7. There are, however, circumstances in which
notes may be brailled as normal paragraphs,
e.g. when they are printed as such in normal
type, as at the end of chapters or articles;
or when they are keyed to a reference point (such as
a verse line number) other than braille page and
line numbers; or when they appear in a volume
or pamphlet which contains no text; or when they
             9,6. plays
are appended to a table or diagram.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
          9,5. PARAGRAPHS
  9,5,1. Normally, a new paragraph in
braille should begin in cell 3 of a new line, however
shown in print.
  Only where space is at a premium should
three blank spaces within a braille line be used
to indicate a new paragraph.
  9,5,2. Where paragraphs are introduced by a
number or letter, the new line cell 3 method
must be used. A full stop should be inserted in braille
after the number or letter where print has no
punctuation. In the case of lettered paragraphs the
letter sign should be used even when there is a full
stop.
  9,5,3. Hanging paragraphs in braille should
begin in cell 1 and runovers should be in cell
5. A new paragraph within a hanging
paragraph should begin in cell 7.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            9,6. PLAYS
  9,6,1. The names of speakers (even if
abbreviated) should be distinguished in braille, both at
the beginning of speeches and (if printed in
special type, for example in capitals) in
stage directions also, but not where they occur in the
             9,6. plays
text of the dialogue. If such names are printed
in full capitals and capitals are indicated
in braille, then this is sufficient. Otherwise
italics should be used in braille to make the distinction.
  9,6,2. Stage directions, even when
italicised in print, should not be italicised in
braille, but they should be enclosed in square
brackets. This applies also to descriptions at
the beginning or end of a scene. The square
bracket should be reopened for each new
paragraph.
  9,6,3. When a stage direction is set out
on a line or lines alone in print, it should start
in cell 3 of a new line. When the dialogue
is resumed a new line should be taken starting in
cell 3.
  9,6,4. Each speech, whether in prose or
verse drama, should begin with the speaker's name in
cell 3 of a new line. Print punctuation should
be retained after the speaker's name, but in the absence
of any punctuation a full stop should be added in
braille. The first word of dialogue or stage
direction should follow in the same line after one
blank space.
  9,6,5. Each speech in prose, or in
verse brailled using the line sign method
(9,7,8), should be treated as a paragraph.
             9,7. poetry
  9,6,6. A change from prose to verse, or
vice versa, within a speech in a play is
normally marked by a new paragraph.
  9,6,7. Where a direction such as "sings" ends
the first line of a song, it should be written within
square brackets immediately before the words to be
sung.
  9,6,8. If two or more speakers share a
verse line, this should be indicated by leaving 3
blank cells after the name of the second or
subsequent speaker.
    Example:
  LEN. Good morrow, noble sir!
  MACB. Good morrow, both!
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            9,7. POETRY
Line-by-Line Method
  9,7,1. It is recommended that this method should
normally be used for poetry.
  9,7,2. Each new stanza or paragraph
(except the first) may be preceded by a blank
line, with its first line beginning in cell 1;
alternatively, each stanza or paragraph
may start in cell 3 of a new line.
Subsequent lines of poetry should begin on a
new braille line in cell 1. If the verse line
is too long for one braille line, the runover should
             9,7. poetry
begin in cell 5.
  9,7,3. When the second part of a verse line
is written on a separate line in print to mark
the beginning of a new paragraph, this second part
should begin in cell 11 of a new line in braille.
Runovers of either part of the line should begin in cell
5.

Facsimile Method
  9,7,4. This method is a modification of the
line-by-line method: blank lines are left
between stanzas as in print; print indentation is
copied; each line, including the first line of a
stanza, begins in cell 1 unless indented in
print.
  9,7,5. More than one space may be left
between words in order to convey the shape of the printed
poem.
  9,7,6. Lines which are too long to fit on a
single braille line have the break marked by an unspaced
facsimile hyphen (dot 5), which follows the
normal hyphen when a word has to be divided.
The runover begins two cells in from the start of the
verse line.
  9,7,7. Capitals may be indicated, even
when this is not being done in other parts of the
transcription. Contractions may be restricted
             9,7. poetry
if the component letters are a mixture of upper
case and lower case.

Line Sign Method
  9,7,8. This method is only suitable where the
print layout is reasonably straightforward.
Special care needs to be taken, using this
method, when easy access to line numbering is
required.
  9,7,9. Poetry may be written
continuously with the line sign (see 5,7) placed
at the end of each verse line. Each stanza should
begin in cell 3 of a new line. The line sign
should occur at the end of each stanza except the
last. It should not appear at the end of a poem or
verse extract.
  9,7,10. When it ends a line of verse, a
note reference should precede the line sign with a
space between. This combination may begin a braille line.
  9,7,11. When a line of asterisks occurs
within verse, the previous braille line should end with a
line sign. However, it is often more convenient
to represent an omission in verse by an
ellipsis spaced from line signs on either side.
  9,7,12. When the second part of a verse line
is written on a separate line in print to mark
the beginning of a new paragraph, no line sign
             9,7. poetry
should be brailled at the end of the first part, and the second
part should begin in cell 3 of a new line.
  9,7,13. When print shows that an extract
begins in the middle of a verse line, either by the use
of an initial small letter or by starting it in the
middle of the print line, no indication of this need be
given in braille.
  9,7,14. Where, in print, verse is not set
out line by line but use is made of a vertical or
oblique stroke, a short dash, or an
initial capital letter to indicate the beginnings of
verse lines, the line sign with normal spacing
should be used in braille. No new line need be taken
in braille at the beginning of the verse extract if
print does not take a new line.
  9,7,15. In addition to indicating the ends of
verse lines, the line sign may be used to mark the
ends of prose lines in epitaphs,
inscriptions, facsimile title pages, etc.
It is also used in certain methods of setting out
the scriptures.

Prose and Verse
  9,7,16. Where prose and verse alternate,
blank lines andstor indentation may be necessary
to differentiate between them when the line-by-line or
facsimile method is employed.
         9,8. quoted passages
  9,7,17. Whatever method is used, the
resumption of the main text (prose or verse)
after an extract or quotation should be in the first or
third cell of a new line as indicated in print.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
       9,8. QUOTED PASSAGES
  9,8,1. Quoted matter shown in print
by change of type, change of margin, or by the
leaving of a blank line before and after, may be handled
in one of two ways. Method (a) is generally
preferred.
    (a) The extract, prose or poetry,
may be set out without inserted quotation signs, but
should then be marked off from surrounding text by a
device such as indenting the margin, using blank
lines, or adding 12 centred commas. When the
extract as a whole is indented in braille, any
paragraph within it (including the first) should begin two
cells deeper than the indented margin.
    (b) The extract may be enclosed within the
one-cell quotation signs, regardless of whether
there are inverted commas in print.
  In each case the extract, and the resumption
of the normal text, should begin in the first or third
cell of a new braille line according to whether or not a
paragraph is intended in print.
  9,8,2. When quoted notices, newspaper
           9,9. word division
headlines, etc., are centred in braille, they should be
enclosed within quotation marks, but generally they need
not be italicised.
  9,8,3. Where an indented passage occurs
within a quoted or italicised passage, if a
paragraph is indicated (e.g. by an indented first
line), the quotes or italics should be restated
at the start of the indented passage. The quotes
or italics should not be restated if a new
paragraph is not indicated. This criterion for
restated quotes or italics also applies to the
resumption of text after the indented passage.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
         9,9. WORD DIVISION
  9,9,1. In general, braille should observe the
same standards in word division as are recommended
for print. In particular words should not be divided
in the middle of a syllable.
  9,9,2. It should be noted that it is often not
worth dividing near the beginning of a word,
especially after the first braille character.
  9,9,3. In general words should not be divided
in the middle of a letter group constituting a phoneme
(such as ch and th) which would otherwise be
contracted. On the other hand, a division such as
"his- tory" is permissible.
  9,9,4. When a compound word which is normally
           9,9. word division
hyphenated is divided at the end of the line in
print, braille should retain the hyphen even in the
middle of a line.
             ::::::::::::

























            APPENDIX I
       Some foreign alphabets'
  Further information on the following alphabets,
as well as on others not included here, can be
obtained if required from the Braille Authority of the
United Kingdom.

            (A) GREEK
for a alpha
forb beta
forg gamma
ford delta
fore epsilon
forz zeta
forwh eta
forth theta
fori iota
fork kappa
forl lambda
form mu
forn nu
forx xi
foro omicron
forp pi
forr rho
fors sigma
        I. alphabets. (B)
fort tau
foru upsilon
forf phi
for and chi
fory psi
forw omega

forin iota subscript (small print iota
    appearing under a letter; follows the letter in braille)
forh rough breathing (print single opening quote,
    appearing over a small letter or before a
    capital letter; follows rho but precedes
    all other letters or diphthongs in braille)
for' mark of elision (print single closing quote;
    either at the end of a word and followed by a
    space, or at the beginning of a word and
    preceded by a space)

  All other accents or diacritics are
generally ignored.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            (B) HEBREW
  Text using the hebrew alphabet is
normally printed to be read from right to left. The
characters should always be so transcribed that they are read
from left to right in braille.
  In braille, all vowels follow the letters under or
        I. alphabets. (B)
above which they appear in print.
  [In the following, @h is h with a dot beneath;
`e is e acute.]
              Consonants
for a alef
forv vet
forg gimmel
ford dalet
forh h`e
forw vav
forz zayin
forx @het
fort tet
forj yod
forch @haf
forl lamed
form mem
forn nun
fors same@h
fored ayin
forf f`e
for the tsade
forq qaf, kof
forr resh
forsh shin
forth tav

        I. alphabets. (C)
             Accented Letters
forb bet
fork kaf
forp p`e
forwh sin
      Vowels and Pronunciation Aids
forc pata@h
for: @hataf-pata@h
forst tsere
fore segol
foren @hataf-segol
fori @hiriq maleh
forin @hiriq @haser
foro @holom maleh
forow @holom @haser
forgh qamats
forar @hataf-qamats
foru qubbuts
foring shuruq
for' sh'va
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
         (C) OLD ENGLISH
for a a
forb b
forc c
ford d
fore e
        I. alphabets. (C)
forf f
forg g
forof yogh
forh h
fori i
forl l
form m
forn n
foro o
forp p
forr r
fors s
fort t
forst thorn
foring eth (crossed d)
foru u
forw w
for the wen
fory y
for and "and" sign

forch long a
forgh long e
forsh long i
forth long o
forwh long u
forwith long y
        I. alphabets. (D)
fored e with hook (ash)
forer o with hook
forar c with dot above
forou g with dot above

  If a diphthong is to be marked long, both of
its letters should use long vowel signs.
  A dot which is not positioned as a normal
full stop should be represented by dot 3.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           (D) RUSSIAN
for a ah
forb beh
forw veh
forg geh
ford deh
fore yeh
forch yo
forj zheh
forz zeh
fori ee
for and ee (short)
fork kah
forl el
form em
forn en
foro oh
        I. alphabets. (E)
forp peh
forr err
fors ess
fort teh
foru ooh
forf eff
forh khah
forc tseh
forq cheh
forwh shah
forx shchah
forof hard sign
for the yery
forwith soft sign
forow eh
forou yoo
fored yah
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
             (E) WELSH
for a a
forb b
forc c
forch ch
ford d
fordd dd
fore e
forf f
        I. alphabets. (E)
forff ff
forg g
forng ng
forh h
fori i
forl l
forll ll
form m
forn n
foro o
forp p
forph ph
forr r
forrh rh
fors s
fort t
forth th
foru u
forw w
fory y
  In addition, the remaining letters from the English
alphabet may be used where necessary.

for@ circumflex
for^ diaeresis
for; grave
for: acute
        I. alphabets. (E)
  The contractions used in Welsh braille are
published in Welsh Braille Code--Braille
Cymraeg.' issued by the Braille Authority of the
United Kingdom.
             ::::::::::::
























            APPENDIX II
       SIGNS used in some foreign
               codes'
  Further information on the following languages,
as well as on others not included here, can be
obtained if required from the Braille Authority of the
United Kingdom.
             (A) FRENCH
  for and c cedilla
  forfor e acute
  forof a grave
  for the e grave
  forwith u grave
  forch a circumflex
  forgh e circumflex
  forsh i circumflex
  forth o circumflex
  forwh u circumflex
  fored e with diaeresis
  forer i with diaeresis
  forou u with diaeresis
  forow oe diphthong
  forar ae diphthong
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            (B) GERMAN
  for the sz
       Ii. foreign codes. (D)
  forou u umlaut
  forow o umlaut
  forar a umlaut
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           (C) ITALIAN
  In modern works circumflex accents are
only occasionally needed.
  forof a grave
  for the e grave
  forwith u grave
  forch a circumflex
  forgh e circumflex
  forsh i circumflex
  forth o circumflex
  forwh u circumflex
  forst i grave
  foring o grave
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            (D) SPANISH
  forof a acute
  for the e acute
  forwith u acute
  forer n with tilde
  forou u with diaeresis
  forst i acute
  foring o acute
             ::::::::::::


             appendix iii
            guide to contracting
  no alteration should be made to print for the purpose
of conforming with the contractions authorised in the list
below. where print uses permissible alternatives
in spelling, accentuation, hyphenation or spacing,
these should be followed. help with many words not included
in this list can be obtained by reference to the rules:
see especially 88 (preference), 89
(bridging), 810 (english names), and 811
(foreign words and names).
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
abalone adhered aforementioned
abb`e adherence aforesaid
about (french) ad nauseam aftereffects
abface advanced aftermath
abovementioned aedile afs
absinthe aegean agreeable
accordingly aeneas ahimsa
acetone aerial ainger
achaean aeroflot ain't
achiever aerofoil airedale
acreage aertex aix-en-
acrosses aesthetic provence
adeney afford al capone
adhere affrighted aleatory
         iii. guide to contracting
alessandro apartheid bandog
al fine appledore banffshire
alloway aqueduct barbarossa
almoner arboreal bargoed
almshouse arccosine baroness
alpes area baronet
  maritimes areas basedow
altimeter areaway bastion
ampthill areligious bathed
anaesthesia aren't bathurst
andean aright battishill
andreas arisen battleaxe
anemone armentois battledore
annandale around bauer
anteater arrowhead bayonet
antedate asthma beatitude
antenatal athens beatrice
antennae atherstone beautiful
anteroom atone beauvais
antheap atoned bebe
anthelion azaleas beckoned
anthill bedales
antigone bacchus bedaub
antinomian baedeker bedding
antinous bagration bedizen
antitheses bahadur bedouin
antitype bainge beefeater
         iii. guide to contracting
beelzebub benedetto bestial
beest benedick beta
beethoven benediction betel
beevers benefit bethel
beforehand benelux bethesda
befriend benevolence betshanger
befriended benighted better
begonia benign betws-y-
begum benito coed
behan benoist betweenwhiles
behemoth benthall bevel
behindhand beowulf beverage
bein' bequeathed bezel
being berated bezique
bela bereft bighead
belial berens binaural
believer beret bingham
belinda bergholt binodal
belington beria binomial
belisha beringar binormal
belittled berthe biofeedback
belize berthed birmingham
bellerophon besan@con biscuity
belligerence besant blaenau
beloff besom ffestiniog
belorussia besonian blakeney
benares be'st blakerage
         iii. guide to contracting
bleddyn bowater captainess
bless`ed brailler caribbean
blindage braillette carthorse
blinded braillex cassowary
blindfold brailling castiglione
blinding brigham castlereagh
blindism brighouse cation
blindly brother-in-law caveat
blindoc buddha centime
blinds buonaparte centimetre
blofeld bureau cereal
blood-letter business cerulean
blossomed chad
blumenthal caedmon chaeronea
boccherini caen chaffinch
boer caernarvon chalybeate
boloney cairstiona chancel
bo'ness cajolery changeable
boone calingaert chargeable
bordeaux callisthenics charleroi
borealis camoens charleston
boreas can-can charlestown
boredom cancel ch`ateau
bosham cancer chatham
bothe cannongate chemotherapy
bottleneck can't chieftainess
boughton cantonese chiffchaff
         iii. guide to contracting
childlike coblenz com'st
child-like cock-a- comte
chilean doodle-do comus
chimaera cofounder cona
chinamen coggeshall coname
chisholm coghill conan
chlordane cohere conation
chockfull coherent conative
chou en-lai coleraine conceiver
chromosome coleridge concertinaed
cicerone colonel conch
cineast coma conchology
cineradio- comates condone
  graph comb condoned
cirencester combe cone
citizeness com@edienne coned
citroen comic coney
clandestine comin' cong
clarenceux comingle congealed
clarionet -y congenial
cleanth commaed conger
clemenceau commander-in-chief congresbury
cleone commence congruity
cliff's commenced conic
cliveden commonest conies
cobbleigh como conifer
cobbler component coningsby
         iii. guide to contracting
coniston creation delineation
conk cr@eme de demoness
conker menthe demonetize
conklin cristoforo demosthenes
conman crosthwaite denationalize
conned crowhurst denatured
conning cunningham denicotin-
conoidal cunnyngham ized
conor denominator
cons dachshund denoted
contradistinction dacoity denouement
contrick daedalus denude
conundrum dafter denumerable
conversazione daingerfield denunciation
conybeare danced deracinate
conze daredevil derail
corday daunder derange
coroner dayan deregulate
coronet day-to-day derelict
cosham dayton deride
cotoneaster deaconess derive
coupon deanna derogatory
courthouse deceiver derouting
cowherd declared deshabille
coworker decongested d'estaing
create deduct destouches
creat*e delineate devereux
         iii. guide to contracting
dewhurst disyllabic effaceable
diaeresis ditherer effort
dieresis doggone effulgent
diffusion doghouse egg-cup
dinghy dolittle egghead
dione donaghadee eggtimer
disc donee egham
disco donegal eireann
discography doolittle eiste.fod
discus doone eleanor
disease doublet eleatic
dishabille doughty eleazar
dishevel drought electroence-
disingenuous duerer phalogram
disk dukedom @el@evation
disney dumbbells emmenthaler
dispirited dungeness enamel
disraeli dupont encyclo-
diss dworkin paedia
dissection dynaribbon encyclopedia
dissyllabic d'you enough's
distaff en route
distanced ed en saga
distich eday ensemble
distil edict entranced
district e'en enucleate
disulphide e'er enumeration
         iii. guide to contracting
enunciation fathead fruity
epineural father-in-law funder
equidistant fauntleroy funereal
equinox fealty furbelow
er feltham
eradicate fenced gadabout
erase feuermann galahad
erroneous feverish galingale
esarhaddon financed galloway
esparto finesse gandhi
esther finisterre garderobe
esthwaite firedrake gasometer
ethereal flatholm gateshead
european flearidden gatherer
euryanthe fontainebleau geanticline
evershed foothills genealogy
evert foredoomed geoffrey
evert (name) forenamed germany
exeat forenoon gerontion
exonerate forerunner gibeah
experienced foreseeable gilead
extensometer fotheringhay gingham
extramental francesca gingold
             frederikshavn giorgione
fa@ery freedom giveaway
faery fromentin glasshouse
farthingale froward goatherd
         iii. guide to contracting
goblet gruenfeld haven't
goddamn gruffly havighurst
goddaughter guineas headdress
goering guinevere heartsease
goethe gunther heathen
goner gwynedd hedgerow
goode heneage
goodge hadad hennaed
goodwill hadal hennessey
good-will haddington hephaestion
goody haddock hereabouts
gordonstoun hade hereafter
goshawk hades heredity
gothenburg hadid heredofa-
gotthard hadji milial
governess hadley hereford
grafter hadow hereinafter
grainger hadrian hereinbefore
grandad hainan heresy
granddad hambledon heretic
grantham handsomer hereward
grasshopper hanseatic herewith
gravedigger hapgd hermione
graveney harlessdyke hever
greatorex hartshorn hideaway
gresholm havena higgledy-
grimsholm have-nots piggledy
         iii. guide to contracting
hildesheim hypotheses inghelbrecht
himalayas ingledew
hobbledehoy ibleam inglenook
hoffmann icerink inhere
hofmannsthal ideality inherent
hogshead ideally in-laws
hoity-toity ideas insofar
holinshed imagery insomuch
holloway impartial in't
hollowood impermeable intoned
holofernes imposthume inverness
honegger imprisoned iolanthe
honest inasmuch ionesco
honey in-between iowa
hornblende incongruity isinglass
horowitz inconvenienced isomer
horseradish indiarubber isometric
hothouse indistinct isoneph
houghton indonesia isthmus
houseagent inessa it'll
housedress inessential ivinghoe
huguenot influenceable
hwangho influenced jamestown
hyaena infrared jean (french)
hydrangeas infula jehad
hydroneph- ingenue judaean
  rosis ingham jugglery
         iii. guide to contracting
             langham limbless
kettledrum langholm limeade
kilowatt languedoc lineage
kingston lanthorn lineaments
kingstown larousse lingaard
kingussie launder lionel
kirkcudbright laureate lioness
knesset leah listen-in
knighthood leander lljohn
knockab learig llover
knockout leghorn littler
knock-out legionella livingd
knowledgeable leningrad llandaff
knowles lenoir loner
knuckleduster leofric longhand
koenigsberg leopardstown longhi
krone leroy lordosis
kroner lethe loughton
kundera lettering lowenthal
             letterpress lucknow
lacrosse lever lufthansa
laertes leveret lyonesse
laing liebestod lyrnessus
lanced lighthouse
lancet likeable maccabees
landowska liliaceae maccarthy
langhaire lilleshall machardie
         iii. guide to contracting
maenad mceachan missolonghi
maharajah mchugh mistake
mahoney mckeever mistakeable
maingaard mcnally mistermed
malediction meandering mistimed
malesherbes meathook mistranslation
malleable meatus mistrust
malone meddle moeran
maloney mediterranean moericke
manageable meean monet
mancetter meleager monetary
mandrake mentone money
mangonel meringue mongoose
mansholt merioneth monowheel
manyata merstham montenegro
manyon messiaen monterey
marabout microfilm monteverdi
marchioness microwave montherlant
marionette midday montreal
marthe mileage moone
masthead minestrone mooney
matthew minneapolis moongod
maunder misally more'n
mbabone misconceived mortimer
mccann miscreant motheaten
mccommack mishap mouthed
mcconnell mishear moveable
         iii. guide to contracting
much hadham newham o'connor
multimedia nightingale oddness
multinational nobbut oedema
munthe noblesse oedipus
musta noisome oenone
mustache nonentity offer
mustafa nones okeanos
mustang nonesuch oleaginous
mustard nonet oleander
muster nongovernmental onegin
mstiness northab onerous
msts northeast opponent
musty northedge orangeade
mycalessus northern orangery
mycenaean northesk oread
mymmshall nosebleed orgeat
             noticeable orleans
named nottingham ornament
nauseate noway ortofon
navarone nowise oseney
neaera nuernberg osgd
neanderthal nuthatch ourself
neapolitan outhouse
nearchus oasthouse overeat
neurasthenia obeah overfull
nevers oceanic overmuch
nevertheless oceanus ow!
         iii. guide to contracting
             pensione pioneer
padrone penthouse pitchblende
paean peoples pithead
paediatric people's pityard
pageant peppone plateau
painstaking perhapses poingiant
palingenesis perinatal poleaxe
pally perineum popedom
panaceas peritoneum poperinghe
pancev persephone porthole
pancreas persevere portofino
pandemic pesth port said
pandowdy petronel posthumous
pararhyme peveril postponed
partake phaedrus potherb
parterre pheres potsherd
parthenon phineas praed
parthian phoenix praeneste
partial phoned pranced
passe-partout phoneme preamble
pastime phonetic prearrange
patroness phoney prcvr
peacock phreatic preconceived
peakeshole pianoforte predeceased
pean picofarad predecessor
peanuts piedish predestined
peeblesshire pineapple predetermine
         iii. guide to contracting
predicate puffball reappear
predict purblind reassure
predilection pyoneph- reawake
predispose rosis reay
predominate pythoness received
prenatal r@echauff`e
prepaid queenstown recreant
prerelease quinquereme recreation
prerequi- redaction
  site rabbity redeem
prerogative rafter redingote
priedieu ransomed redirect
priesthood rascally redistribution
princedom rateable redoubled
prisoner rawhide redoubt
profane reabsorb redress
profert react reduce
profession readmit redundant
proffer reaffirm reduplicate
profile reagan refulgent
profound reagent rejoiced
profusion realgar reliever
promethean reality renaissance
prounion really renamed
psychedelic real madrid renege
psychoneu- realtor renew
  rotic realty renown
         iii. guide to contracting
renumber roseate seaquarium
renunciation rosenthal seattle
repaid rosmersholm secunderabad
repartee ro/herne seinglind
reredos rothenstein sentenced
rerouted roundabout sentimental
rerun roustabout sergeant
retriever runabout seronegative
reverberation serviceable
revere saccharine several
reverenced sacheverell severe
reverie safflower severino
reverify saint-just severity
revers saleable severn
reverse salmonella severus
rhadamanthus sancerre shadow
rhon.a sanday shakedown
ribband sandinista shanghai
riboflavin saunders sheathed
richthofen savagery sheffield
riffraff schiedam shoreditch
rightab schoenberg shorthand
roedean schofield shoulder
roentgen scrofulous sidereal
romancer seaboard sierra leone
romany seamus silenceable
roneo sean silencer
         iii. guide to contracting
simone speakeasy subbasement
  (french) spencer sublessee
simone sphere sublet
  (it.) spikenard subpoenaed
singh spofforth suchet
sizeable spreadeagled suchlike
slagheap squally sultaness
slessor staffroom sunbleach
smithereens stateroom surinamese
snowhill staubbach sweetheart
so-and-so steatite swither
somersault steradian sword
somesch stevedore syntheses
songgram sthenic
songhai stiffness tableau
soonest stillness tablet
soothill stirab taffrail
so-so stoned tammany
southeast storeroom tarsometa-
southend strada reale tarsal
southern stranraer tearoom
southesk strathearn teas
southey streatham teatime
soweto strengthen teatro
sparrowhawk stronghold telephoned
sparta 'struth tennessee
speaight styrofoam thaddaeus
         iii. guide to contracting
theale toreador unblemished
theatre tothill unblessed
thence tourcoing unblest
theodotion towards unconceived
therapy townshend uncongealed
thereabouts traceable uncongenial
thereafter tracheae undcvd
therefrom transceiver undcld
theresa tranship underived
thermoform transhumance underlessee
thermotherapy trentham underogatory
theses trinomial underpd
theseus trousseau undisheartened
thievery trypanosome undistinguished
thing-in-itself ts'ong unearthed
thistledown tuberose uneasy
thoseby tuonela uneatable
threshold turnabout unessayed
timed tweedledee unfulfilled
timer twofold unilever
timex twood uninuclear
timoneer unless
titaness unamenable unlessoned
tityrus unamended unlred
to-do unamerican unmentioned
toenail unbereaved unnecessary
toothed unbleached unpd
         iii. guide to contracting
unsaid whoredom
untoward wafter wideawake
useable waggonette willaert
ushered wahroonga will-o'-the-wisp
             walkab wimbledon
vainglorious walther wingate
valediction warthog wiseacre
vandam wasn't wishart
vanderbilt waveney witham
vandyke weathered withe
vanessa wedded wither
veblen weever woful
veevers weingartner worden
vengeance well-to-do wordsworth
verityper wembley worksop
veronese wenceslas worsthorne
verwoerd werena would-be
viareggio weren't wrancham
viceregal westinghouse wringham
viceroy wharfedale wunderhorn
vietnamese whereabouts
viljoen whereas yaound`e
villainess where'er yeah
villeneuve wherever yeandel
vingt-et-un whichever you'd
volpone wh'll you'm
v@urtheim whithorn yourcenar
         iii. guide to contracting
you's

zither
zoned
zooful
             ::::::::::::























                 index
                  a
abbreviation point, 23, 5415, 558,
      662, 674, 711-7,
      732, 736, 751, 754,
      826
abbreviations
  braille: see contractions--shortforms
  print, 462-3, 5414-15,
      5418-19, 618, 71,
      731-4, 736, 8416,
      961
  unit: see unit abbreviations
accented letters, 51, 662, 674,
      appendix ii
accent sign, 24, 4, 511-3,
      516, 662, 674, 743
alphabets, non-roman, 57, 7510,
      appendix i
ampersand, 26, 721
apostrophe, 23, 4, 41, 517,
      5412, 5413, 562,
      612, 744, 823, 832,
      849, 8415, 8424, 862
arrows, 26, 722
asterisk, 26, 414, 723-7,
            index. ast-con
      942, 9711
at, commercial sign for, 26, 728
                  b
brackets, 23, 42, 434, 464,
      544 (c), 556, 613,
      617, 962, 967
break in text, 726
                  c
caesura, 26, 742
capital letters, 442, 513, 52,
      716, 753, 977, 9714
capital sign, 24, 4, 52,
      544 (b), 737, 753,
      829
colloquial forms, 823
comma, numerical, 25, 651-2
composition signs, 24, 4, 5
compound words, 451-2, 523, 548,
      5410
contents page, 921
contractions, by type
  composite groupsigns, 35, 86
  composite wordsigns, 34, 85
    dot 5 contractions, 853-13
  lower, 33, 84
    be, con, dis, com, 8414-19
    be, were, his, was, 8412-13
            index. con-dip
    ea, 8425-27
    ea and double letters, 8423-24
    enough, en, in, in, 8420-22
    to, into, by, 844-11
  shortforms, 36, 87, 8122
  simple upper groupsigns, 32, 83
    ble and ing, 835-7
  simple upper wordsigns, 31, 82
    sequencing, 827-9
contractions, general, 3, 713, 8
  bridging, 89
  choice of, 858, 88, 8131,
      8135, 8142-3
  non-use of, 515, 554, 716,
      833, 8112-3, 812,
      8131, 8133, 977
  sequencing, 827-9, 844-7,
      8410
correspondence, 93
crosses, 26, 729-11
                  d
dagger, 26, 723-4, 942
dash, 23, 43, 563, 614,
      643, 826, 8419, 917
dates, 612-5
death, symbol denoting, 26, 7211
diphthongs, 897-9
            index. dit-ful
ditto sign, 26, 7212
dot locator, 24, 53
dots, print, 414, 441-2, 726
dust jacket, 922
                  e
elided vowels, 413, 517
ellipsis, 23, 44, 564, 727,
      9711
english, early, 812
english names, 810
exclamation mark, 23, 425
                  f
facsimile hyphen, 24, 976
facsimile representation, 719-10,
      974-7, 9715
female sign, 26, 7214
feminine endings, 865
foot (metrical), 26, 742
footnotes, 724, 94
foreign
  alphabets, 57, 7510, appendix i
  names, 811
  ordinal numbers, 662, 674
  words, 811
  (see also accents)
full stop, 23, 442, 826,
      952, 964
            index. ful-hyp
  non-use of, 615, 618, 673,
      736
  (see also abbreviation point)
                  g
guide to contracting, alphabetical, appendix

                  h
half lines (verse), 742
hash, 26, 7213
headings, 916
hyphen, 23, 45, 553, 8131,
      8133-4, 8141
  influence of, 555, 613, 619,
      633, 643
  insertion of, 463-4
  omission of, 618, 645, 719,
      917
  with composition signs, 523, 548-11,
      5416, 555, 8144
  with contractions, 824, 827, 835,
      843, 849, 8414-15,
      8419, 8424, 863,
      874, 8131, 8133,
      8142
  with numbers, 5411, 613-5,
      617-9, 633, 643,
      645
            index. hyp-non
  with punctuation signs, 463-4, 715

initials, personal, 715
interrupted sentences, 433
isbn number, 923
italics, 24, 438, 443, 54,
      828, 847, 8412,
      8144-5, 961-2
                  l
layout, 9
letter sign, 24, 461, 515, 55,
      572, 615, 618, 671-
      3, 711-2, 714-7,
      719, 7111, 732-3,
      754, 8144, 952
line sign, 24, 56, 978-15
lisped words, 8135
lists of items, 917
long syllables (scansion), 741, 743,
      745
                  m
male sign, 26, 7214
mathematical signs, 25, 65, 8410
                  n
names, 810, 811
non-roman scripts, 57, 7510,
      appendix i
            index. not-poe
notes, 723-4, 94
numbers, 22, 424, 6
  cardinal, 61, 651-2
  compound, 5411, 613-5, 619,
      633, 643, 672
  contracted, 62
  decimals, 63
  fractions, 64, 654
  grouped with letters, 618
  ordinal, 66, 674, 834
  roman, 67, 737
numeral sign, 24, 461, 611,
      613, 615-9
                  o
oblique stroke, 23, 46, 618,
      719, 758, 7514
omitted digits, 612, 615
  letters, 414, 436
  words, 437, 441, 727
outer cover, 924-5
                  p
page information line, 914
paragraphs, 421, 547, 944,
      946-7, 95, 965-6,
      972-3
plays, 96
poetry, 964-6, 97
            index. pos-sta
post codes, 715
powers, 655, 754, 758-9
prefixes, 8418, 891-3
print page indicator, 24, 915
print symbol indicator, 24
print symbols, 26, 72, 917
punctuation signs, 23, 4
                  q
question mark, 23, 425
quotation marks, 23, 439, 47,
      543, 544 (a), 557,
      847, 849, 981 (b),
      982
quoted passages, 47, 543, 98
                  r
references, 73 (see also notes)
reference signs, braille, 26, 738
                  s
scansion, 74
separation sign, mathematical, 25, 643,
      653-4, 759
short syllables (scansion), 741, 743,
      745
slurred words, 8134-5
special braille signs, 918
spelt-out words, 553
stammered words, 8131-4
            index. sta-wor
stanzas, 972, 974, 979
stock exchange quotations, 645
stress, 512, 741, 743-5
subscripts, 25, 655
suffixes, 453, 8427, 894
superscripts, 25, 655, 7111,
      758-9
symbols, print, 26, 72, 735,
      751, 917
                  t
telephone numbers, 617-8
terminology, 1
time, expressions of, 616, 619,
      751-2, 759
type, change of, 544-5, 981
                  u
unit abbreviations, 616, 75
  capital letters, 753
  combined, 758
  contracting, 7512
  million, billion, 756
  spacing, 752
  use of letter sign, 754

vertical stroke, 9714
                  w
word division, 463, 99
              index. wor
word endings, 453, 814
             ::::::::::::
                 the end

























 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
