

          braillists' manual



             ::::::::::::
            in two volumes
              volume one
             ::::::::::::




         produced and published by
      royal national institute for the blind
              peterborough
       registered charity no. 226227

             ::::::::::::



           first published 1991
      revised editions 1995, 1998
         isbn 0901797707
             ::::::::::::



          arrangement of sections
  this manual has been written in separate
sections in order to allow updates and other
revisions to be made easily. this has meant that
pages have not been numbered, so that references are
always made to section numbers. the sections have been
roughly grouped into related subject areas, leaving
gaps which will allow any future sections to be
inserted at appropriate points.
             ::::::::::::


















             general contents
  the braille edition is divided as follows:
section
              volume one
0. general editorial advice
1. labelling
2. standard sizes
3. title page
4. extraneous text
5. page numbering
6. dedications and epigraphs
7. contents
8. print page indicator
9. page information line
10. prefatory matter
11. start of text
12. headings
13. end markers and separators
14. paragraphing and indentation
15. extracts
16. composite books
21. notes
22. indexes
23. diagrams
24. end matter

             general contents
section
              volume two
31. dialogue, plays and libretti
32. poetry
33. line numbering
34. parallel text
41. dictionaries, directories and
  glossaries, etc.
42. textbooks
43. legal text
44. special braille codes
45. text in foreign languages
46. music publications
47. articles
48. leaflets
49. hymn books and service books
51. recipes
52. knitting patterns
53. crossword puzzles
54. correspondence
55. forms
61. genealogical tables
62. tables
63. flowcharts
71. word division
72. proofreading practice
             ::::::::::::


                contents
section braille page
0. general editorial advice ------- 7
1. labelling --------------------- 15
2. standard sizes ------------------ 19
3. title page ------------------ 23
4. extraneous text -------------- 41
5. page numbering ----------------- 43
6. dedications and epigraphs --------- 45
7. contents ----------------------- 49
8. print page indicator ---------- 67
9. page information line -------------- 73
10. prefatory matter ------------ 81
11. start of text ----------------- 85
12. headings ---------------------- 89
13. end markers and separators ------- 101
14. paragraphing and indentation --------- 109
15. extracts ------------------- 113
16. composite books -------------- 121
21. notes ---------------------- 125
22. indexes --------------------- 139
23. diagrams ------------------- 145
24. end matter ------------------- 167
             ::::::::::::
































          braillists' manual
               section 0
        general editorial advice
  01. it is clear that braille is a very different
medium from print. some obvious points of difference
are the limited range of characters available in braille
compared to print; the fact that print employs a
great variety of text and diagrammatic
layouts on the page, whereas only a few
fairly standard layout methods are practical
in braille; and the simple fact that the page size is
strictly limited in braille. however, by careful use
of the medium, using special codes where
appropriate, and respecting the conventions and
layout limitations, it is possible to use braille
to transcribe almost any kind of print material
with fidelity, and at the same time to present the
material in a form convenient for the braille reader. the
first step in the process of transcribing a
document or book into braille is to look at it and
edit it. the purpose of editing is to ensure that the
transcription is made consistently; to achieve
practical organisation and referencing; to make
helpful divisions between volumes in the braille
edition; and fundamentally, to ensure the
transcription is faithful to the meaning of the print,
      0. general editorial advice
despite the reorganisation and special coding which
may be necessary in order to render it into braille. editing a
print work should not go beyond the aim of trying to convey
to the braille reader the style and tone of that work, using the
minimum of editorial intervention. the sections which
follow deal with specific and technical matters
of layout and coding. but first a number of
assumptions and general hints are given as a
grounding to the rest of this manual.
  02. the braillists' manual is to be
used in conjunction with british braille. no
contradictions to british braille are intended, though
inevitably a certain amount of interpretation and
extension of rules has been undertaken.
  03.
  031. if special conventions or devices
not included in british braille have to be used in a
particular transcription, an editorial note
explaining these should appear after the contents section,
and it should be itemised in the contents and called, for
example, "note to braille edition". errata or
proofreaders' notes should be placed before the contents
pageggs) and are not itemised.
  032. an editorial note may occur
anywhere in the text, in square brackets, if a
braille device is thought to need explanation. this
convention should be used sparingly, and should not be seen
      0. general editorial advice
to conflict with the print's own use of square
brackets. for example: in a prayer-book, the
liturgical actions may appear in square
brackets in print; if braille editorial notes
are necessary, the print's square brackets may be
exchanged for, e.g., round brackets.
  04.
  041. if a book would have too many braille
pages to fit into one volume (see section 2),
it is split into two or more volumes, each
volume having its own title page, contents
page, and page numbering. a volume division
is most convenient at the end of a chapter or main
section, but division may occur at the end of a
paragraph if there is not a more suitable place
to divide within about 20 braille pages either side of the
ideal splitting-point. as a rule, volume
size should be roughly equal; but where the print is
divided into "books" or "parts", it may be
thought more convenient to divide the braille version
similarly, even if volume size would be
unequal. in any event, a volume should not
normally contain less than 30 sheets (i.e.
60 pages of double sided braille), unless the book
is being brailled in a special format (see section
2).
  042. every volume of a multi-volume
      0. general editorial advice
book except the last one ends with the words "end of
v1", "end of v2", etc., centred on the line
below the final colons. (note, however,
1324.) the last volume ends with "the end", as
does a single volume book, after the colons.
no such inscription is required at the end of
any other document--short instruction booklets,
lecture notes, examination papers, leaflets,
etc.
  05. all items in a book should normally be
brailled (or, possibly, drawn, in the case of
diagrams). if for any reason the braille text
is not complete, a "note to braille edition" should be
inserted at the beginning of the book (see paragraph
031) stating the extent of the omission.
  06.
  061. print punctuation should be strictly
followed, apart from certain exceptions laid down
in british braille and this manual (e.g. tabular
or displayed material, or following side
headings).
  062. on the question of misprints, it will always
be a matter of discretion (a) whether a misprint
has occurred, and (b) whether the transcriber
should amend such a misprint. generally, the print is
assumed to be correct in conveying the content of a
document: i.e. its grammar, spelling, style,
      0. general editorial advice
and layout. however, an alteration is permissible
where it is clear that a genuine mistake has been
made, or where it is considered that a technical
failure in the printing process has occurred.
for instance, a full stop followed by a lower-case
letter will often indicate that a comma was intended.
nevertheless, the "golden rule" is: if in doubt,
no alteration should be made.
  07.
  071. print often uses blank space or
typographical differences to replace
punctuation: in braille, some punctuation must be
inserted, e.g. a comma, a semicolon, a
colon, or a full stop, depending on the
circumstances. items from a list may be
separated by commas or semicolons; page
numbers following an entry in a table or index
may be preceded by a colon or comma.
  072. paragraphs, centred headings, listed
items, etc., labelled with a number or letter,
should normally have a full stop after the label in
braille (as well as the numeral sign or letter
sign), whether or not the full stop is present
in the print. (the full stop is not necessary if the
number or letter is in brackets, or if some
other punctuation mark is used.) if there are double
numbers separated by full stops or colons in
      0. general editorial advice
print, a second numeral sign is generally
used as the separator, but a full stop is still
needed after the complete number.
  073. print often uses italic type
merely for display purposes, e.g. to mark out an
extract taken from another source, or to make
headings stand out. braille italics do not perform the
same function, and in many such situations the
italics may be dispensed with, but always bear in mind
that the author's emphasis must not be altered. words
which are set in roman type within an italicised
passage are so set in order to indicate
emphasis, or foreign words, or titles of
books, etc. if, therefore, the italics are
disregarded, words set in roman type within the
italicised passage must be italicised in
braille.
  074. where print uses italics instead of
speech marks within an ordinary line of text, the
appropriate quotation marks should normally be
substituted in braille.
  075. apart from special texts where the
capital sign (dot 6) is significantly
useful (see, for example, section 42), the
capital sign is rarely used in standard english
braille, apart from in unit abbreviations. there may,
however, be special occasions in which its use is
      0. general editorial advice
required, for example in order to conform with
practice in other countries, or for personal
needs, though it must be stressed that this is not standard
practice for transcriptions in the uk.
  08. lists of items set out in print with
each item beginning on a new line or lines
may be brailled in one of two ways:
    (1) each item may be indented to start in
cell 5, with runovers in cell 7 to allow
easy skimming by the reader, or else with runovers
in cell 1. with items longer than a few braille
lines it is best to have the runovers in cell 1.
    (2) the list may directly follow the
preceding text after one space, or be brailled as a
paragraph, using semicolons to separate item
from item. this method is not so convenient for
reference, but it does save space in a book which
has a good deal of visual layout that is not
essential to the reader's understanding of the text.
  09. the braille oblique stroke (dots 3-
4) is sometimes better replaced either by different
punctuation such as a hyphen, or by a different
symbol, where the text would otherwise be
difficult to read in braille. semicolons may
replace strokes where several options are joined
together. alternatively, in a series of words or
phrases joined by strokes, each word or phrase
      0. general editorial advice
after the first one may be put in a separate set of
round brackets. example: the phrases
    were youstare youstdo you intend to be ...
could be brailled
    were you (are you) (do you intend to be) ...
or:
    were you; are you; do you intend to be ....
  010. where a heading to a section is absent in
the print, but is necessary or desirable in the braille in
order to give a satisfactory contents page and
page information message, it is permissible
to devise an appropriate heading for the braille. such
a heading should be placed in square brackets when
used, i.e. on the contents page, at the beginning
of the section, and on the page information line, in
order to indicate to the reader that it does not appear
in the print.
  011. print page references given in the
print copy should normally be retained in the braille.
when there is occasion to give braille page references
within the text, e.g. to diagram pages or
to tables, etc., these should be placed in square
brackets.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::




               section 1
               labelling
  11. the cover of all books must be
labelled. labels are placed vertically on the
left-hand side of the cover so that they may be read
from the top of the book to the bottom. all items
on the label are centred. the maximum line
length of the label is 36 cells for book,
abled and perkins size volumes, 25 for a5
portrait size, 20 for a5 landscape
size. if a title or other element of the label
exceeds these limits, it may be divided over
2 or 3 lines, or abbreviated.
  12. the book title is the first item on the
label. sub-titles are not normally included.
if the book is complete in one braille volume, the
author's name appears on the line below the title,
enclosed in round brackets.
            sample 12a
                 the letter
         (will. somerset maugham)
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  121. in books brailled using a foreign
language code, foreign titles and authors'
names on the label should be coded in the same way
as on the title page. the dots 5-6 accented
             1. labelling
letter indicator is only required if used on
the title page.
  13. when the book has been divided into two
or more volumes, a full stop must follow the
book title, unless the title ends with an
exclamation mark or a query. after a space of
one cell, the total number of volumes is
stated, followed by a letter v and a colon. the
individual volume number follows this after a
space.
            sample 13a
        customs and characters. 2v: 1
            (peter quennell)
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  14. discretion must be used concerning the inclusion
of the name of the authorggs); in some cases the book
title is sufficiently explanatory to stand on
its own. if a book has several authors which will
not all fit on the label, the first of the names only
should be written on the label followed by the
abbreviation "et al" (letter sign required before
"al"). it may be useful to include the name of
an editor or compiler if it will help to convey a
more accurate idea of the nature of the work to the
reader. when the editor or compiler's name appears
on the label, it should be preceded by an
appropriate abbreviation, e.g. ed., comp.
             1. labelling
  15. in reference works such as dictionaries,
directories and hymn books, an indication of the
range of material covered in each volume should
appear on the last line of the label. in
dictionaries and directories the range may be
expressed by initial letters or by "key letters".
key letters are the first 3 letters of the first and last
complete items contained in a volume.
contractions are not used. the two groups of letters
are separated by a hyphen. the letter sign does not
precede key letters. (see also 228).
            sample 15a
    the little oxford dictionary. 16v: 10
               ori-pos
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  in the case of a hymn book the following format
is appropriate:
            sample 15b
   hymns ancient & modern. 6v: 2
             hymns 35-60
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  16. all labels should be checked by a
proofreader.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::
































               section 2
              standard sizes
  21.
     table of dimensions of braille volumes
  [in the table below, the column headings are as
follows: 1: pages per volume; 2: lines
per page; 3: cells per line.]
                    1 2
                 ave max
book, general,
 leaflet, music
 (double sided
 braille) .........' 100 120 25
magazine ......'' -- 120 28
                       (96)
examination papers '' -- 120 28
perkins (thermoform) 64 80 24
stainsby, small '' 64 80 22
stainsby, standard ... 100 120 18
abled .........'' 100 120 25
                       (60)
a5 landscape ... 100 120 11
                       (48)
a5 portrait '' 100 120 18
                       (48)

            2. standard sizes
                    1 2
                 ave max
thermoform diagram
 volume ......'' 50 70 -- --
expanded paper
 (minolta)
 diagram volume 25 35 -- --
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  notes:
  1. the figures given for maximum volume
size are "preferred maximums". it is
possible to bind larger volumes if necessary, i.e.
up to 160 pages for double sided books, and up
to 100 perkins thermoform pages.
  2. where figures in brackets are given, the
first figure refers to wiro binding, and the
bracketed figure refers to saddle-stitch
binding.
  3. both sides of the standard stainsby sheet are
used, with 18 lines on odd pages, 17 lines
on even pages. only one side of the small
stainsby sheet is used, so that the volume can be
thermoformed.
  4. the minimum volume size for multi-
volume books is 30 sheets (i.e. 60
pages of double sided braille). see section
041.
            2. standard sizes
  5. a bbled page as used for diagrams can
take 37 cells by 36 lines. if cut down
to book size it can take 37 cells by 30
lines. (this information may be required when
designing title pages for diagram
volumes.)
  6. abled and book size use 12 lines per
page when the braille is double-line-spaced.

  22. further information concerning magazines and
annuals may be obtained from the rnib instruction
sheets, which are quite frequently updated.
  23. the format of instructions for games and
apparatus depends on the size of the box or
packaging.
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::








































               section 3
              title page
  31. books and other substantial documents
should normally have a title page. this section is
based on the format appropriate for ordinary
books. in other cases some of the components of the
format stated here will not be present (e.g. there may
be no publisher's name and address), in which case
these components are omitted to give a simplified
title page format.
  311. articles and leaflets are normally
treated in a different way, as stated in sections
47 and 48. however, if they are especially
long, the book format given in this section is
appropriate.
  32. the braille title page, which cannot hold as
much information as the print equivalent, must be edited
in such a way that the most important information is
retained, while other details are either omitted
altogether or transferred to an extension title page
(see 35 and sample 35a). the layout of
this page (or pages) is normally worked out at the
preparation stage, before the document reaches the
transcriber.
  33. the title page is designed to be
distinctive to the touch, and consists of several
            3. title page
sections or "blocks", each one having a
distinct function, and each separated by at least one
blank line.
  34. layout of title page.
  341. an outline plan of the title page
is given below (see also samples 34a, b,
c, d and 35a). each line is centred,
unless the contrary is stated. note that centred
lines may extend by a few cells beyond the
normal limit for centred headings in the text in
order to achieve the required layout. in the case
of a narrow format page (such as abled), the full
width of the page may be used to avoid
excessive splitting of lines.
  block i:
    line 3: title. this may be split onto
two or more lines if it is too long to be
centred. in some cases it is replaced by the
sponsoring authority or government department;
    subtitle, if any;
    on a line by itself, the word "by" or, where
appropriate, "edited by" or "compiled by";
    the authorggs), with qualifications, if
stated *1. punctuation between qualifications should
be retained, even where it occurs at the end of a
line;
    information on the print series (normally after a
            3. title page
blank line), unless space is short, in which
case it is transferred to an extension title
page (see below);
    at least one blank line.
  the next section is divided into two blocks,
which hold information about the braille edition.
  block ii:
    12 colons;
    number of volumes in the book (in words)
*2. if the whole of the document amounts to no more
than thirty-six sheets, then the word
"pamphlet" may be considered more appropriate
than "volume";
    present volume number (in words) *2.
this line is redundant if there is only one
volume;
    braille series name and number, if applicable;
    catalogue number, if applicable *3;
    12 colons;
    at least one blank line.
  block iii:
    the words "produced and published by" or
"produced by" (this may be modified for
externally produced work: see for example
sample 34d)
    name and address of the braille publisher (which may
include information such as a registered charity
            3. title page
number);
    date of braille publication *bled, which should be the
year in which editing of the braille edition was begun;
    12 colons;
    at least one blank line to complete the
block.
  block iv:
  the last block on the page relates to the
print edition *bled, *5, and contains:
    a paragraph starting with the words "by permission
of the authorggs) and of the publishers," *6, *7,
and continuing with the name and short address of the
publishers;
    date of first publication (use the words "first
published" even if not used in print) *8;
    other editionstimpression dates *8,
*9;
    international standard book number (isbn)
or other standard number;
    12 colons;
    date of present imprint: this is always
given, even if it is a repetition of the date
given above.
  it is not critical on which braille line this last
block ends.

  *1 when the title already includes reference
            3. title page
to the author, and the author's name is not repeated beneath
in the print, the same practice can be followed in
braille. the line containing the word "by" is accordingly
omitted.
  *2 if the number of volumes or the
present volume number are not known at the time of
transcribing (an estimate will normally have been
made beforehand by an editor), then the lines should be
left blank and filled in later.
  *3 in a multi-volume book, give the
number of the first volume followed by a hyphen and the
last digitggs) of the number of the last volume,
e.g. "catalogue no. 21798-9". leave out
this line completely if catalogue numbers are
not currently being used.
  *bled if the document is originated as a
braille publication, block iv is omitted and the
date of publication follows the colons of
block iii (see sample 34b). in this
case, use block iii for additional information
such as "revised edition 1994", etc., inserted
before the colons, in the same way that block iv
is normally used.
  *5 if the document is a transcription of a
print document originated by the braille publisher,
block iv may be retained to state any
required information relating to the print edition (see
            3. title page
sample 34c). the braille publisher's name need
not be repeated from block iii except in as far
as it is required to give additional information
(e.g. if the print edition were produced in
collaboration with another publisher).
  *6 if no author is stated, the word
"editorggs)", or "compilerggs)" should be
substituted, as appropriate.
  *7 in the case of a dead author, start with the
words "by permission of the publishers", or "... of the
editorggs) and of the publishers", or "... of the
translatorggs) and of the publishers", as
appropriate.
  *8 in the absence of a first publication date,
use the copyright date if stated in print.
precede the date with the word "copyright" if print
uses either the word or the symbol [a circled
c]. any text accompanying the copyright
date, such as a repetition of the author's or
publisher's name, should normally be omitted. if
print continues with further copyright dates in
place of dates of reprinting or new editions,
the same procedure can be followed in braille.
  *9 the above dates are not always present.
alternatively, there may be too many edition or
impression dates to fit onto this page (see
35). the date of the most recent edition must not be
            3. title page
omitted.
  342. if the name of a translator and/or
editor is given on the print title page in
addition to the author's name, block i is
extended to include this information, as follows:
    title;
    "by";
    author;
    "translated by", "edited by", etc.
(according to what appears on the print title page);
    translator/editor;
    blank line;
    series;
    blank lineggs).
  35. extension title page.
  351. if there is more information than can be
fitted onto the title page, an extension
title page is made. this is a better
solution than omitting blank lines or lines of
colons and thus blurring the distinction between
sections. the information should be sensibly divided so
that details of primary importance as regards
reference should be retained on the title page. for
instance, facts about the publication (series
details) or the author's qualifications are
probably the most suitable items to be
transferred to the extension page, if necessary.
            3. title page
  352. when necessary, it is preferable
to transfer block iii onto an extension
page rather than block iv. in this case, block
iii ends on the same line as the lowest block
on the main title page, with the 12 colons
omitted.
  36. books in non-standard codes.
  361. with foreign language books, the
title should be written in the code used in the
body of the book. where the print uses block
capitals, braille should generally only show initial
capitals, unless they are being used to show the
title of a book, play etc., in which case
italics should be used. if a book is entirely
in a foreign language, the only standard english
braille to appear should be contained within the blocks which
relate specifically to the braille edition (see
34). in a book which is mainly in english but
where foreign language codes are used, the
rules concerning foreign words given in british
braille apply.
  362. in the case of braille codes known
only to relatively few readers--for example,
the chess code--the title should be written in
standard english braille.
  37. with magazines, display and centring are
kept to a minimum in order to save space.
            3. title page
(each magazine published by rnib has
special editorial instructions for the layout of the
front cover.)
  38. title pages for books using
double-line-spaced format.
  381. for books that are brailled
double-line-spaced on abled size paper, i.e.
using 28 cells by 12 lines per page, there is
usually only room for blocks i and ii on the
first title page. the following methods can be used
to reduce the number of extension title pages
required for the remaining information. the same
principles may also be applied to title pages
for other types of restricted page format.
  382. paragraph form can be used for blocks
iii and iv. start on line 3, and do not leave
a blank line between the blocks. insert punctuation
between items. e.g.

  produced and published by royal
national institute for the blind,
peterborough. registered charity no.
226227. 1995.
  by permission of the author and of the
publishers, watts books,
london. first published 1993.
isbn 0749612355. 1993.
            3. title page
  paragraph form is not needed if normal
centred format can be used without requiring more
pages.
  383. if both blocks will not fit on one
page, then a second extension page will be necessary.
in most cases you can then revert to normal centred
format: start block iii on line 3 of the first
extension page, and make block iv finish on
the same line as the lowest line on the initial
title page.
  384. sometimes, however, centred format will not
fit on two extension pages (for example, for
some grade 1 books), in which case paragraph
form can be used to save going onto another page.
in this case start block iii on line 3, and
then if block iv will not entirely fit on that
page, start it on line 3 of the next page.
  385. when both grade 1 and grade 2
versions of a book are being transcribed it is
best to use centred or paragraph form for blocks
iii and iv for both versions (even if not
required for one version by the above rules). however,
if the grade 1 version requires 2 extension
pages, just 1 extension page can still be used for the
grade 2 version if the information will fit.


            3. title page
            sample 34a
           standard title page
[line 1]

             the chinese egg
                  by
             catherine storr

             ::::::::::::
            in four volumes
              volume two
             ::::::::::::

         produced and published by
      royal national institute for the blind
              peterborough
       registered charity no. 226227

             ::::::::::::

  by permission of the author and of the publishers, faber
and faber limited, london.
           first published 1975
         isbn 0571106668
             ::::::::::::


            3. title page
            sample 34b
         title page for document
      originated as a braille publication
[line 1]

      directory of agencies for the blind
      in the british isles and overseas





             ::::::::::::
            in four volumes
              volume one
             ::::::::::::




         produced and published by
      royal national institute for the blind
              peterborough
       registered charity no. 226227
             ::::::::::::


            3. title page
            sample 34c
     title page where the braille publisher
      and the print publisher are the same
[line 1]

             disability leave
          assessment and action for
       employees who become disabled
              promoted by
      disability leave monitoring group

             ::::::::::::
             in one volume
             ::::::::::::

         produced and published by
      royal national institute for the blind
              peterborough
       registered charity no. 226227

             ::::::::::::

           first published 1993
            new edition 1994
         isbn 0901797979
             ::::::::::::

            3. title page
            sample 34d
       block iii for work produced
           by rnib volunteers

    transcribed by the volunteers group for
      royal national institute for the blind
              peterborough
       registered charity no. 226227

             ::::::::::::

















            3. title page
            sample 35a
          title page requiring
          extension title page
[line 1]

        blake: the lyric poetry
                  by
             john holloway
        professor of modern english
         university of cambridge



             ::::::::::::
            in two volumes
              volume two
             ::::::::::::



  by permission of the author and of the publishers, edward
arnold (publishers) ltd., london.
           first published 1968
         reprinted 1975, 1979
         isbn 0996233141
             ::::::::::::

            3. title page
extension page:


       studies in english literature
             general editor
             david daiches
               no. 34













         produced and published by
      royal national institute for the blind
              peterborough
       registered charity no. 226227



            3. title page
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::























































               section 4
            extraneous text
  41. extraneous text is all the extra
information which the print publisher includes in the
print edition. it does not form part of the author's
work. it includes the following: dust jacket;
flyleaf; blurb; conditions of sale; lists of
other related books; etc.
  42. in most cases, this material should be
included in the braille edition. exceptions to this rule
must be carefully justified as the braille reader can have
many reasons for requiring access to such material.
  43. extraneous text should generally be brailled
before the contents section of volume 1, and should not be
included in the contents. long lists of titles from
the publisher (or other similar material) may,
however, be better placed at the end of the book
(starting on a new page), since they would
otherwise seriously interrupt the start of the book.
in this case it is necessary to include such items in the
contents, as cell 5 entries.
  44. the page information line (see section
9) contains the braille page number only. the
text (or heading, if any) of the first page should
start on line 3. a heading which is essentially part
of the book cover or dust jacket design, and not
          4. extraneous text
specific to the information which follows, e.g. a
repetition of the title of the book, should not be
reproduced.
  45. each item (apart from the last) should be
ended by 12 centred commas, and the entire section
ended with 12 colons.
  46. paragraphs should start in cell 3, not
at the margin. where print uses a display format in
which each line of a paragraph is centred, this should not
be followed: substitute the normal braille format
starting in cell 3 with runovers in cell 1. in
most other respects print layout should be
followed.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::














               section 5
             page numbering
  51. the title page or front page of every
publication and document is numbered "1".
  52. all subsequent pages are numbered,
including extraneous text.
  53. roman numerals are not used for braille
page numbering.
  54. numbering begins at 1 for each
volume.
  55. if an error in page numbering comes
to light in the course of a transcription, the
editor who prepared the book should be informed
immediately.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::








































               section 6
         dedications and epigraphs
  (for the use of print page indicators in
dedications and epigraphs see section 8.)
  61. dedications and epigraphs applying
to the book as a whole.
  611. dedications and epigraphs for the book
as a whole are placed in volume one only, and
not repeated for each volume.
  612. a short dedication which takes up ten
or less braille lines should be placed on the
volume contents page starting on line 3. the
volume contents follows on the same page after
a blank line.
  613. if an epigraph occurs in print
between the title page and the start of the main text, it
should also be placed on the contents page, following
the dedication (if any) after 2 blank lines
(see 632), with the volume contents following
on the same page after a blank line.
  614. however, if the dedication and/or
epigraphggs) amount to more than ten lines, or if
the contents can be set out on a single page
by removing these items, the procedure for longer
dedications and epigraphs should be followed (see
615).
       6. dedications and epigraphs
  615. dedications and/or epigraphs amounting
to more than ten braille lines should be placed together starting
on line 3 of a new page following the contents
pageggs). each item must be cited in the volume
contents (see 759). if the dedication or
epigraph have no headings in print the square
bracketed entries [dedication] or
[epigraph] should be used in the contents as
separate cell 5 entries, but it is normally
best to leave the dedication and epigraph themselves without
a heading in the text in order to keep to the style
of the print.
  62. dedications and epigraphs applying
to part of the book only.
  621. if a dedication or epigraph
occurs at the beginning of a section of a book, it
should follow the section headings, and be separated from
the following subheading or text by a blank line.
a centred epigraph or dedication should be
separated from an immediately preceding centred heading
by a blank line.
  63. general.
  631. a dedication or epigraph should in
general follow the layout of the print. the
dedicatory prepositions "to" and "for" may have
a line alone, and a cell 1 start is
permissible. date, signature and source may
       6. dedications and epigraphs
end in the last cells of the braille line, or may
follow an alternative print format if used
(see 105 and 158). a prose epigraph
may be transcribed line-for-line if necessary to show
that an inscription or a motto is being quoted.
if the dedication or epigraph has been printed
in a different type, italics should not be used.
quotation marks should only precede and terminate
an epigraph if they are shown in print.
  632. an epigraph appearing on the same
braille page as a dedication should be separated from it
by two blank lines. epigraphs should be
separated from each other by one blank line.
  633. a dedication or epigraph is not
normally terminated by an end marker, even when
placed on a separate page.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::







































               section 7
                contents
  71 there are three types of contents tables
used in braille books:
    (a) general contents, which covers the whole
print book and states the print page numbers;
    (b) volume contents, which covers an
individual braille volume and states the braille
page numbers;
    (c) combined general and volume contents,
used for single volume books.
  711. in a multi-volume book,
volume 1 has a general contents covering the
whole book, followed by a volume contents
covering that particular volume. subsequent
volumes normally have a volume contents only,
covering that particular volume.
  712. in a single volume book a combined
contents table is used instead of separate general
and volume contents tables. however, in the case where
there are no print page numbers, a volume
contents stating braille page numbers only would be
used instead.
  72 general contents.
  721. the general contents is a
transcription of the contents page in the print
              7. contents
edition, subject to the layout conventions given in
75 (see sample 75a). where there are
minor differences in wording between the headings given in the
print contents and those given in the main text, the
general contents can be corrected to follow the main
text wording. similarly, if the print contents
seems to have made an error of omission, this can be
corrected. where there are more significant
differences which can be attributed to a deliberate
editorial policy, the print contents should be
followed, so that the general contents may not
directly correspond to the number or wording of
headings in the text. (note that by contrast the
volume contents should follow the headings in the main
text in either case.)
  722. at the top of the general contents there
should be a key giving the first and last print page
numbers contained in each volume (see sample
75a). the initial sentence begins in cell 3
and (for narrow format work) runs over into cell 1.
entries begin in cell 5 with any runovers in
cell 7.
  7221. when the number sequence begins with a
number other than 1 or i (e.g. 5, or
iii, etc), then that number should be cited as the
first number.
  7222. although there may be gaps in the
              7. contents
number sequence because of blank pages at the start
of chapters, etc., the page number range can
normally be given as a continuous sequence. however,
where a significant section of text is
omitted (e.g. a chapter), this should be reflected
in the page range stated.
  7223. when sections of notes or
answers to exercises, etc., are split up and
included at the end of the relevant volumes in
braille rather than being placed in a complete section as
in print, it is not necessary to include their page
numbers in the page range stated for those
volumes. in addition, the information for the volume which
would have covered such a section in print can also
ignore the fact that the section has been removed
to other volumes: the information for this volume will
simply state the first and last pages actually
contained in that volume. similarly, repetition
of a key or a list of abbreviations at the beginning
of each volume can be ignored when stating page
ranges.
  7224. entries for diagram volumes
should be included when stating the volume division
information. these should normally be of the form "volume
6: diagrams" (for a single volume of
diagrams), or "volume 6: diagrams for
volumes 2 and 3" (where there is more than one
              7. contents
diagram volume and the divisions correspond
to text volumes), or "volume 6:
diagrams for p45-95" (where there is more than one
diagram volume and the divisions cannot be stated in
terms of text volumes).
  723. if the contents page or pages are
numbered in the print edition, print page
indicators will be required on the braille general
contents page (see section 8). a print page
indicator on the first page of the general contents
should be placed before the line with the column headings, and
before any print explanatory note (see
7523).
  724. print page numbers should normally be
inserted in the right-hand column of the general contents
in cases where they are omitted (wholly or
partly) in the print contents, so that the volume
division information may be effectively used.
however numbers should not be inserted for unnumbered
pages.
  725. if the print book has no page
numbering the general contents should still be included if
there is a contents table in print, since it gives
a useful overview of the book. however, there will be
no page numbers stated, and the page number
column heading (see 752) will accordingly be
omitted. in this case, the volume division
              7. contents
information (see 722) should be modified if
possible to state the chapter range covered, rather
than the page range covered.
  726. although the general contents normally
appears in volume 1 only, it may be
desirable in anthologies and collections to have a
general contents in each volume to aid reference.
a general contents is not needed at all, however,
where the entries in the contents are entirely
numeric with no titles, or where the print
deliberately omits a contents altogether for
stylistic reasons. nevertheless, a key containing the
print page numbers covered by each volume is
still required. (see sample 75b.)
  73. volume contents.
  731. this is essentially a braille compilation,
justified by the greater need of the braille reader to have
access to the contents of the book. the way in which the
text is divided and sub-divided in the volume
contents depends on the assumptions made about the
use of the text: if the text is only to be read
once, then the contents will normally be a quick
guide; but if the text is to be intensively
used, then the contents must be designed to give
maximal access. (see sample 75c.)
  732. each main entry in the volume
contents should normally refer to a section of text
              7. contents
bounded by centred colons, such as a chapter or a
section. every subentry is a subdivision within a
main entry, and will normally be given the status of a
centred heading in the braille text itself; however, because
of the variety of print layout there will be frequent
exceptions to this rule, such as cases where print
uses side headings to mark major reference
points.
  733. a volume contents entry is
normally expected to have a corresponding heading in
the text. however, there are situations where this need not
be so. for example, if each volume of a
dictionary contains some prefatory matter (e.g.
lists of abbreviations or signs, etc.),
followed by the continuation of the main body of the
dictionary, then in addition to the prefatory
items, it is sensible to give a main entry in the
volume contents to indicate the start of the main
text, e.g. "the pocket dictionary: m-p",
even though this will not appear in the text itself--the
text will have the normal start of text format
(section 11) with no extra heading after the line of
12 colons. this situation will occur in other
cases where the main text has no headings.
  734. although each braille volume normally
has a braille contents, this may not be required where
the volume contains no headed sections, e.g. for a
              7. contents
volume of a dictionary consisting only of
alphabetical entries (4191), or for a
simple children's story book without separate
chapters or other items.
  74. combined general and volume contents.
  741. in single volume books the general
contents and volume contents are combined into a single
contents table, stating both print page numbers and
braille page numbers in two columns. the
principles used in compiling a volume contents,
in terms of selection of entries, etc. are
followed. where additional entries are included
compared to the print contents, their print page
numbers (if applicable) will therefore need to be
added. (see sample 75e.) note that a
combined contents is only used if there would have been
a general contents had the book been in two or more
volumes (see 726). if there would not have been
a general contents then an ordinary volume
contents should be used instead.
  742. for single volume grade 1 books
using abled format it becomes impractical
to use a combined contents, and a standard volume
contents should be used instead. if both grade 1 and
grade 2 versions of the book are being done, then the
same type of contents should be used in the grade
2 version, for consistency.
              7. contents
  743. print page indicators are not used
for combined contents tables.
  75. the layout of contents tables.
  751. each contents table should start on line
3 of a new page, with "general contents" centred
for a general contents, or "contents" centred for either
a volume contents or a combined contents.
  752. a general contents then has the
volume division information (see 722); this is
not present in a volume contents or combined
contents. the next line contains the column headings
"chapter" or "section" in the left-hand cells,
and the page number column heading in the right-hand
cells: "print page" in the case of a general
contents, and "braille page" in the case of a volume
contents, each ending in the last cell (see
samples 75a and 75c).
  7521. a combined contents requires both
print and braille page number headings, each brailled
on 2 lines: "printstpage", then a gap of 2
cells, then "braillestpage", with the latter ending in the
last cell (see sample 75e). if the
page numbers occupy more than four cells, these
column headings should be moved to the left accordingly
to accommodate them, but retaining a gap of at
least 2 cells (see 7551).
  7522. the column heading "chapter" or
              7. contents
"section" is only used if this wording appears either
as a column heading or at the start of each entry
in the print contents, or if this wording appears with the
headings in the main text. if the items in the
left-hand column are not called "chapter",
"section" etc. in this way, then this column needs
no heading in braille. different column headings may
be used where appropriate (e.g. "lesson").
  7523. when the entries corresponding to a
column heading such as "chapter" do not start in
cell 1, then the column heading should be shifted
right to the appropriate cell so that it is aligned
with those entries.
  7524. where particular volumes have no
entries belonging to a column heading such as
"chapter", the column heading should be omitted. this
would apply, for example, to volumes only
containing end matter.
  7525. if the print contents has an
explanatory note on its use (for example,
if italics are used for a specific
purpose), this note should normally be included before
the line with the column headings (752) so that the
reader is forewarned of any special convention.
square brackets should be inserted if the note
appears in print as a footnote. this note should
be included in both the general contents, and in any
              7. contents
volume contents to which it applies (or in a combined
contents).
  753. if the text is divided into parts or
books, those headings may be centred on separate
lines in the contents as they occur, with no page
numbers or leadlines. however, if page
numbers are required for such headings they must
instead be treated as ordinary entries, placed on
the left (754). other main entries can also be
centred to help minimise indentation of the lowest
level of subentries. editorial discretion should
be used here.
  754. each main entry starts in cell 1,
with subdivisions (if any) in cell 3, further
subdivisions in cell 5, etc. all runovers
should be two cells further in than the deepest
subdivision, independently of the format of initial
and final items (see 759). however, it is
not desirable to indent further than about cell 9.
(see 753, above.) the placement of runovers
should be determined for the book as a whole, and should not
vary between braille volumes.
  7541. in a general contents, chapter or
section numbers should be in roman or arabic
numerals or in words, according to the print contents. in
a volume contents, the style used in the main
text should be used, except that if words are used
              7. contents
in the main text, but numerals are used in the
print contents, numerals should then be used in the
braille volume contents also. a full stop should
follow if there is a title.
  755. the last spaces of every line of the table
of contents should be reserved for the page numbers.
when, as is usual, the numbers on the braille page
occupy four or fewer cells, the numeral
signs should be aligned under the p of "page"
(see 752, above). in the case of a combined
contents both print page and braille page numbers
should be stated in their appropriate columns.
entries and their runovers should be kept clear of the
page number columnggs) by at least one space.
  7551. where a page number occupies more
than four cells (e.g. for long roman
numbers), the column of figures on that braille
page will need to start earlier, but it should still be
aligned on its left-hand side. in the case of a
general contents or volume contents the column
heading remains in the same place, so that the
numbers will no longer be aligned under the p of
"page". in the case of a combined contents, the
column headings are shifted to the left so that the
numbers do remain aligned under the p.
  756. on each line on which a page number
occurs, there should be a leading line between the end of the
              7. contents
entry on the left-hand side, and the numeral sign
in the page number columnggs). one space is
left before and after the leading line. the leading line itself
consists of hyphens for a volume contents or combined
contents, and of dot 3's for a general contents. if
there is not enough room for at least two hyphens or
dot 3's then blank spaces should be left.
  757. if a synopsis appears in the
print contents it should be placed in the general
contents in the braille, but is not repeated in the
volume contents except in so far as the items
are chosen to be used as subentries. such a
synopsis should be included in a combined contents
unless the items are chosen to be used as
subentries. when the synopsis only occurs in
print at the start of chapters, it should be included
in braille also in the volume contents or combined
contents (again, unless the items are used as
subentries), but not in the general contents. thus the
synopsis will appear twice in the braille edition. this
rule does not apply, however, where it is clear
that the synopsis is part of the machinery of a plot and
must not be divulged in advance of the particular
chapter.
  7571. when a synopsis is to be
included in a contents it should start in the
appropriate cell for a subentry to that section,
              7. contents
with runovers in accordance with the rest of the contents. the
items which form the synoptical breakdown of the
chapter or section should be separated by a short
dash unless some other punctuation mark is already
present. if the short dash would cause confusion
with a dash within an item, then another punctuation
sign such as a semicolon should be substituted
throughout. the page number for the entry should be placed
on the last line of the synopsis. the entry should not
be separated from its synopsis at the turn of a
page: if necessary start the entry on the next page
to avoid this.
  758. if the print contents includes the
authors' names after the titles of chapters or
sections, such as in a book which is a compilation of
different authors' work, this information should be included
both in the general contents and the volume contents
(or combined contents), but should not be stated in the
text at the beginning of the chapters or sections if
not stated there in print. this is therefore a case where
the volume contents entry may differ from the section
heading in the text.
  759. initial and final items--
preface, foreword, acknowledgements, ...,
glossary, bibliography, appendix, notes,
index--should all begin in cell 5 with runovers in
cell 7, regardless of the system of indentation used
              7. contents
throughout the rest of the contents section. if there are
subdivisions within initial or final items, the
lower level entries should start in cell 7 and
all runovers are then in cell 9, etc. if a
volume consists entirely of initial or final
material, all items will nevertheless start in cell
5. the runovers of initial and final items should
start in the same cell within a contents table, even
though the initial and final items may differ in the
levels of subentries they contain. this applies
both to the general contents and to the volume contents,
and should be consistent across volumes (754).
  7510. if a contents occupies more than one
page, the page information line of each runover
page should carry "contents" (or "general
contents") centred, with the braille page number in the
right-hand cells as usual. in addition, a general
contents should have a print page number in the left-
hand cells if appropriate. on the next line
or lines the column headings (see 752
above) should be repeated.
  7511. if a volume starts within a chapter
or section, etc., that chapter or section title
should be repeated in the volume contents. the word
(continued), including the brackets, should be inserted
after the chapter or section number if present
(i.e. before the title in words); or else placed
              7. contents
after the title if there is no chapter or section
number. the full stop normally following the
chapter number is moved to follow the closing
bracket of (continued).
  7512. each contents section is terminated
by 12 centred colons.
            sample 75a
           general contents page
[line 3] general contents
  the braille edition is divided as follows:
    volume 1: p1-76
    volume 2: p77-142
    volume 3: p142-215
                 .cc1
chapter print page
1. introduction ..................' 8
2. historical background .........' 24
...
6. political co-operation .........' 77
...
             ::::::::::::
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,





              7. contents
            sample 75b
          general contents page with
       volume division information only
[line 3] general contents
  the braille edition is divided as follows:
    volume 1: pii-xiii, 5-56
    volume 2: p57-116
    volume 3: p116-175
             ::::::::::::
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            sample 75c
          volume contents page
[line 3] contents
chapter braille page
    foreword ------------------------ 3
    introduction ------------------- 4
1. what is an atom? ------------- 7
  11. historical survey -------- 7
  12. development of a theory ------- 14
  13. some mathematical ideas and
    inferences ---------------------- 28
2. ...
    bibliography ---------------- 74
             ::::::::::::
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,


              7. contents
            sample 75d
      contents page for a notes volume
[line 3] contents
                              braille page
    notes for volume 1 ----------- 3
    notes for volume 2 ----------- 7
    notes for volume 3 ----------- 12
             ::::::::::::
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,


















              7. contents
            sample 75e
              combined contents
[line 3] contents
section print braille
                            page page
    [dedication] ------------------ 3
    note to braille edition -------------- 4
    foreword ------------------ 7
1. planning the garden --------- 9
2. soil preparation ---------- 15
3. plants ---------------- 25
  annuals and biennials ------ 26
  perennials ---------------- 35
4. pests and diseases ---------- 45
    index ------------------ 55
             ::::::::::::
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::










               section 8
          print page indicator
  (see also 95 and 96.)
  81. the print page indicator (ppi) should
appear in all books. with other documents, such as
lists or lecture notes, the inclusion of the
ppi may be less important; it may not be
required at all in hand-written or
photocopied manuscripts--the most
important consideration is the usefulness of print
page numbers to the braille reader.
  82. the beginning of a new numbered print
page is shown by the following sequence: dot 5,
colon, number of new page. this constitutes the
print page indicator. this sequence is centred
on a line alone, and the previous braille line is
left unfinished at the breakpoint (see sample
82a).
            sample 82a
in knightsbridge where they advanced money on
the security of
                .cc190
jewellery. gwen had told her about it when she
...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  83. a print page indicator should be
        8. print page indicator
included wherever a new numbered page is taken
in print, but should not normally be used on
unnumbered pages at the beginning or end of a
book, even if their numbering can be inferred.
however, when the main numbering sequence has begun
in a book, or if numbers are given in the
print contents, any occasional absence of page
numbers (e.g. at the beginning of a new chapter
or item, or on a page with an illustration) can
be ignored in the braille, and the ppi with number can be
used as usual. the ppi may occur anywhere on
a braille page except above a page information
line, including above a centred heading or title
or after a separator (as defined in section 13)
(see sample 83a).
            sample 83a
and still she was paid no mind.
             ::::::::::::
               .ccxxxiv

           tuesday 2 october
             0630 hours
  at precisely 630 a.m. coward's sony
alarm-radio cut into the middle of the early morning
weather report, ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  84. the print page indicator should not
        8. print page indicator
normally be used for a page only containing a
section heading: such a heading should be placed after the
print page indicator for the page on which the text
starts. in this case, the print page cited in the
general contents should not be altered, even though it
may be different from the apparent start of the section in
the braille. see, however, 124 for the case where
major headings are placed on line 3 of a new
page.
  85. when a volume starts mid-section, and
also on a new print page, the section heading
(continued) should be inserted before the print page
indicator for the new page (because the heading does not
belong to that page).
  86. when the print page turn comes at a
break in text or other visible separator
(including a gap between paragraphs), the order of
separator and print page indicator used in
print should be followed in braille. when the print page
indicator comes at a blank line specially
inserted in braille for format reasons, e.g. a
blank line cell 1-5 heading, or a blank
line used to start an extract, the blank line
should follow the print page indicator.
  87. print word division over two pages
is ignored. the print page indicator comes after
the united word. this rule also applies to genuine
        8. print page indicator
compound hyphenated words, e.g. "left-hand";
i.e. the print page indicator comes after the
second word.
  88. print page numbers may be written
as roman numerals, if that is the style of the
print.
  89. where print gives each page a
particular title which is central to the style of the
book, this information can be included on the lineggs)
following the point at which the print page
indicator occurs, italicised and laid out,
without punctuation, from cell 1 to 1 (see
sample 89a). the print page title may
appear on any line of the braille page (e.g. on
the last line of the page), and may be separated from
the print page indicator at the turn of a
page.
            sample 87a
as she looked at it, and drew in her head again,
               .cc255
i take estella to richmond
murmuring "wretches!" i would not have confessed ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  similarly, if a book is written in
translation, and each print page states the
original line coverage of that page, this information
can be included in braille on the lineggs) following the
        8. print page indicator
print page indicator, italicised and laid
out, without punctuation, from cell 1 to 1.
  810. where this manual indicates that an
item should begin on line 3 of a new braille page
(e.g. dedication, epigraph, prefatory
items, appendix, etc.), the ppi, if
required, should occupy line 3, the start of the
item proper being deferred to line 4.
  811. on certain occasions it may be
desirable to indicate the turn of print pages
even though these are not numbered in the print. for
example, this may be required in a legal form
which refers to "the next page", etc. in this
case the print page indicator may be used in
the form: dot 5, colon, numeral sign (without
a number stated).
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::







































               section 9
            page information line
  91. all books, documents and magazines
have a page information line on every page.
  92. the page information line is made up of the
braille and print page numbers and an information
message.
  93. the information, which is intended to convey to the
reader the position that the page holds in relation
to the text in general, is contained within one braille
line.
  94. page information lines must be designed
carefully for the book as a whole at the editing
stage. this applies particularly to books
required for reference.
  95. the page information line contains a running
check on the print page number. the print page
number shown in the braille version refers to the print
page current at the end of the braille page. this
includes the case where a print page indicator
for a new page, but no actual text, appears
on the last line of the page.
  96. the print page number is given at the
beginning of the page information line. compound numbers
are not used to indicate the range of print pages
covered by the braille page (see sample 96a).
          9. page information line
roman numerals may be used, according to print.
            sample 96a
[line 1]
24 goodbye piccadilly. 1
the airline desks were besieged by short-tempered
                .cc24
passengers ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  97. the braille page number is at the right-hand
end of the page information line (see sample
96a).
  98. the print page number, as well as
numbers in the information message, may be in
roman numerals, depending on the print, unless
space renders them impracticable throughout the book
as a whole. words used for chapter, section, or
page numbers should be converted to arabic numbers.
  99. the information message (that is, the information
contained between the two page numbers) is centred
on the whole line. it should be at least 10 cells
shorter than the total line width, and on either
side be separated from the page numbers by at least
two blank cells.
  910. it may be necessary to abridge a title
for use as an information message. try to retain the
most significant part; e.g., "relationship between
employer and employee" becomes "employer and
          9. page information line
employee". words may be abbreviated, and if the
title contains a list, "etc." may be used in
place of some of the items. it may sometimes be necessary
to substitute an ellipsis for part of a title.
  911. numeral signs may not be omitted from
the information message.
  912. the message may be the book title
(if reference is clearly not a priority or if
there are no chapter titles); otherwise titles
of parts, units, chapters, sections, poems,
etc. may be used, according to what will best assist the
reader in finding his/her place in the book. if
the book is divided into numbered parts, etc.,
these numbers must also be included in the information
message; 913 explains where the numbers are
placed.
  913. order of information in the information
message.
  9131. if the title of the book has been
chosen for the information message, the chapter number
follows it, after a full stop. (if the information
message itself ends with some other punctuation mark,
such as a question mark, a full stop is not
required.) if the chapter title has been
chosen, the number of the chapter precedes it,
followed by a full stop (see samples
913a and b). if the book consists of
          9. page information line
numbered parts, the part number should precede the
chapter title, followed by a full stop, or
directly precede the chapter number
(unspaced) if present. (sample 913c
shows the page information line for part 2, chapter
7, the chapter title being "functional
analysis".)
  9132. if chapter titles are being given
on the page information line, and there are numbered
subdivisions, the subdivision number follows the
chapter title after a full stop (or other
punctuation mark if present as in 9131).
similarly with sections and subsections, etc.
(sample 913d shows the page information line for
topic 1 of unit 4 of chapter 2, the chapter
title being "social differences".)
            sample 913a
[line 1]
92 jane eyre. 9
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            sample 913b
[line 1]
83 12. for the record
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,



          9. page information line
            sample 913c
[line 1]
136 27. functional analysis
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            sample 913d
[line 1]
30 2. social differences. 41
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  914. the intervening full stop between title and
number or between number and title may be omitted
to avoid abridgement. it is preferable that the
method used throughout a section be consistent; though it
is permissible to fall short of this, and to only
omit the intervening full stop for the page information
lines which require it.
  915. the information message should reflect the
last item on the page. where headings change more
than once on a page, only the last will therefore
be reflected on the page information line.








          9. page information line
            sample 915a
[line 1]
10 2. further developmental evidence
without which it would have been well-nigh impossible to form
any opinion.
             ::::::::::::

       further developmental evidence
  it can be readily appreciated ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  916. when a page has a line 3 start,
only the page numbers are included on the page
information line.
  917. the page information line is always on
line 1. perkins line zero is treated as an
overspill for rewrites and does not normally
carry page information.
  918. when a page begins with a new item the
heading of which may be the same as the page information
message, the page information line (line 1) and the
heading (line 2) are both required (see
sample 918a).





          9. page information line
            sample 918a
[line 1]
67 indoor games near newbury
       indoor games near newbury
  in among the silver birches winding ways of
    tarmac wander ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  919. specific additional guidance for the
format of the page information line is given in other
sections of this manual dealing with those special
topics (e.g. section 22. indexes, and
section 43. legal text).
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::











































              section 10
           prefatory matter
  101.
  1011. a book will often contain one or more
sections which may be classified as "prefatory
matter", e.g. preface, foreword,
acknowledgements, introduction, list of
abbreviations. these sections normally occur in
volume 1 only, and should all be listed in the
volume contents (even if they are not included on
the print contents page).
  1012. a prefatory item to which frequent
reference will be made, for example conversion tables
in a recipe book, should be repeated in each braille
volume.
  1013. in some books the introduction is not
a separate section to be written on a
separate sheet of its own, but an integral part
of the text. for example, chapter 1 may be
entitled "introduction". in such a case, the
beginning of the introduction must be treated as the first
page of text (see section 11).
  102. each prefatory item starts on a
new page and ends with twelve centred colons.
  1021. prefatory items are not normally
preceded on line 3 by the title of the book: this
         10. prefatory matter
appears only on the title page and first page
of text proper. however, in the case where a
volume contains prefatory matter only, the
start of text format should be used at the beginning of the
first, or first substantial, prefatory item
(see section 11). in this case the start of the
prefatory item will be moved down accordingly (and the
lines stated in this section should be similarly
amended).
  103.
  1031. line 1 of the first page of a
prefatory item contains the print and braille page
numbers only. line 2 is left blank. the
item itself starts on line 3. the heading, if
any, is centred. an untitled item, for
example a brief note of acknowledgement,
starts in cell 3.
  1032. a print page indicator
occupies line 3 at the start of all
prefatory items which begin on a new print
page bearing a page number (see section 8).
the centred heading of the prefatory item follows
on line 4 (see sample 103a).




         10. prefatory matter
            sample 103a
ix

                .ccix
               preface
  books on hardy are legion ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  1033. if a prefatory item continues
on to a second page, the page information line
contains print and braille page numbers and a centred
information message (the title of the item,
abbreviated if necessary) (see section 9).
  104. if whole prefatory items, or the
signatures, etc., with which they end, are printed
in italics for design reasons, this should be
disregarded by the braillist (see paragraph
073).
  105. a signature at the end of a
prefatory section should be brailled to end in the last
cell of the line (see sample 106a). the
signature must not begin before cell 11. a long
signature may be divided.
  106. an address and/or date may also end
in the last cells of the braille line, or may follow
print format. if such items are printed at the
left margin, they should be preceded by a blank line
if directly following ordinary text (but not if
         10. prefatory matter
following an item set out to end in the last
cell).
            sample 106a
12 preface
... as for the errors which remain, we must both plead
guilty.
                           pete alcock
                            phil harris
148 st. bartholomew street,
dronfield, sheffield, england.
september 1981.
             ::::::::::::
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  107. for layout purposes, a "note
to braille edition" can be classed as prefatory
matter, and the rules in this section apply
(including paragraph 1012) (see also
paragraph 031).
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::









              section 11
              start of text
  111 this section applies not only to the first
volume of a book, but also to the start of text in
subsequent volumes.
  1111. articles and leaflets are normally
treated in a different way, as stated in sections
47 and 48. however, if they are especially
long, the book format given in this section is
appropriate.
  112. the start of text follows the contents and
prefatory matter (if any). however, in the
case where a volume only contains prefatory
matter, the start of text format should be used in that
volume at the start of the first, or first
substantial, prefatory item.
  113. the only items to appear on the page
information line of the first page of text are the print
page number and braille page number (see 96,
97 and 916).
  114. the first page of text is characterised by the
following arrangement of centred items, starting on
line 3:
    book title (in full)
    12 colons
    print page indicator
           11. start of text
    chapter numbersttitle
  if the book has parts as well as chapters,
or is divided up in some other way, the headings
of these elements are given following the print page
indicator. (see, however, 1162.) these
headings should be centred in braille even if they start
at the left margin in print. similarly, the first
paragraph of text should start in cell 3 whatever
the style of the print. ornamental italics for
headings or capitals for the first words of text should
be disregarded, as should ornamental lines.
  115. book title. the full title of the
book or document is centred on line 3, or
in the case of a long title on as many lines as
necessary. if there is a subtitle this should also be
centred. twelve centred colons follow.
  116. print page indicator.
  1161. a print page indicator as
defined in section 8 is centred beneath the colons.








           11. start of text
            sample 116a
[line 1]
1

            great expectations
             ::::::::::::
                 .cc1
               chapter i
  my father's family name ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  1162. the print page number given
following the colons should normally be that on which the
actual text starts in print. pages containing
only the title of a part or chapter should be
ignored for print page number purposes, both
here and on the page information line. where parts are
begun on a new page in braille and the part title
appears on a separate page in print, the
print page indicator is placed below the part
heading rather than above it (refer to 124).
  1163. a print page indicator is not
given if the volume starts half way down a
print page, as the turn of page will already have been
indicated in the previous braille volume (see
sample 118a).
  117. chapter number. the chapter number
and title may be centred on one line, or on
           11. start of text
separate lines, according to print practice. if the
chapter number and title appear on the same
line, the number should be followed by a full stop.
  118. continuations. in a volume which begins in
mid-part, mid-chapter, or mid-way through any
element into which the book is divided, all the
appropriate numbers and titles must be centred
on the first page of text. numbers are followed
by the word "continued" in round brackets. where there is
no number, "continued" is written in round
brackets after the title.
            sample 118a
[line 1]
51

        great britain 1900-1965
             ::::::::::::
            part i (continued)
      the roots of the twentieth century
              6 (continued)
         new challenges abroad
      2. the new sense of insecurity
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  note that the title of a continued part or chapter
must be given, as well as the number.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::


              section 12
                headings
  121. the following types of heading are
available:
    (a) centred heading on a new page (line
3 start).
    (b) centred heading for which a new page is
not taken; used in conjunction with end markers for
chapters, stories, poems and other main
divisions of text.
    (c) centred heading as in (b), but used
without end markers.
    (d) side heading starting in cell 1,
running over into cell 5, and preceded by a blank
line (see 1261). the text follows in
cell 3 of a new line.
    (e) (i) italicised side heading starting
in cell 3, running over into cell 1; the text
follows in cell 3 of a new line.
    (e) (ii) unitalicised version of (e)
(i).
    (f) (i) italicised side heading starting
in cell 3, with the text following on the same
braille line after a stop or colon, and a space or
a short dash.
    (f) (ii) unitalicised version of (f)
              12. headings
(i).
  122. before deciding on the pattern of headings
to use within a transcription, look through the whole
book carefully to find the full range of headings
used. the type of heading used in braille should
broadly reflect the method used in print, but
the conventions described below (123 ff.) should be
observed. one should be wary of imposing a
structure to the headings in the braille which is not already
present in the print, although it may be necessary to do a
certain amount of "tidying up" where the print
seems to have been badly edited, in order
to preserve the integrity of the system of headings,
page information lines and contents entries used in the
braille. the above list, though arranged in descending
order of prominence, should not be seen as a fixed
hierarchy. nor should it be thought that headings need to be
used from the list in direct sequence. for
example, it is often the case that headings of
types (b), (c) and (e) (i) will be used in
a book without using types (a) or (d).
  123. there must be at least five clear
cells on either side of a centred heading. thus,
if you are working to a 38-cells-per-line format,
a heading that takes up more than 28 cells must be
split up and centred on two or more lines. in
transcriptions containing set-out examples starting
              12. headings
in cell 5 and running over into cell 7, at
least eight clear cells are required on either
side of centred headings.
  124. headings of type (a) are
appropriate where chapters are grouped
into separate parts or books. do not follow print
in making a separate title page for each new
part: the heading of the first chapter within that part should
follow the part title on the same braille page.
there is no need to give a print page
indicator before a part title which appears on a
page to itself in print: centre the part number on
line 3, its title if any on the following
line or lines, then the print page indicator
for the page on which the first chapter or section in the
part begins. the page information line should give the
number of the print page on which the chapter or
section begins (or of a subsequent page if
another starts on that braille page). (see sample
124a.)







              12. headings
            sample 124a
          (heading of type (a--
[line 1]
[print page] [braille page]

                part ii
             county cricket
                 ppi
               chapter 7
               derbyshire
  in recent years, ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  125. centred headings of type (b) should be
used for chapters or other main divisions into which the
text is broken, regardless of whether such headings
are centred, left- or right-aligned in print.
each main division should end with twelve centred
colons. (see sample 125a.)









              12. headings
            sample 125a
          (heading of type (b--
... and so the county feels that it can soon
recapture the glory days of the 1950's.
             ::::::::::::
                 ppi
                sussex
  the illustriousness of sussex's past is
conjured up in such names as fry and ranji ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  126. when the headings of main divisions of the
text are exceptionally lengthy (perhaps with a
synopsis incorporated in the heading, and printed
in the same large type) side headings of type
(d) may be used throughout the transcription for
headings at this level, in preference to centring on
many consecutive lines. type (d) is also
appropriate for prominent subdivision headings
when some of them are very lengthy. (see sample
126a.)







              12. headings
            sample 126a
          (heading of type (d--
... and so it is fair to say that the main reason for
their success was teamwork.

the 1960's.
  the early years of the 1960's showed a marked
change ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  1261. headings of type (d) must be
preceded by a blank line to make them easily
distinguishable from continuations of text. however, the
blank line is unnecessary if there is a centred
heading or an end marker to a division of the text
on the previous line.
  12611. the blank line is required if
the heading follows a print page indicator,
except when the print page indicator follows
centred headings or end markers (1261). the
blank line follows the print page
indicator.
  12612. the blank line is required after
an end marker used to finish a special item such
as a table, rather than a section of the text.
  12613. a heading of type (d) normally
requires a blank line when following a line of
3 asterisks, e.g. when used to mark a break in
              12. headings
text, or before a regular item which appears at
the end of a chapter. however, editorial discretion
may be exercised to dispense with the blank line where
asterisks are used in braille as some other special
textual device.
  12614. when a heading of type (d)
occurs at a braille page turn, the blank line
follows the page information line on the new page.
  127. it is not necessary to follow print in taking
a new page for each main division of the text. the
print page indicator and heading of the new chapter
can be given immediately following the colons with which the
previous chapter ends, on the same braille page
(but see 128 below).
  128. a centred heading may not occupy the
last line of a braille page. at least one line of
text, starting in cell 3, must follow the heading
on the same page. several lines may have to be
left blank after the end of the previous division of
text, and the headingggs) transferred to the top of the
next page. even though it is permissible in other
circumstances to have a print page indicator at
the foot of a page, this should also be transferred if
associated with the start of a new division of the
text, i.e. if it is the style of the print for
new divisions of that type to specially start a
new page. the same rules apply to side
              12. headings
headings of type (d) and (e), with the exception that
when such headings take up three or more braille
lines, it is acceptable to start the heading on one
page and finish it on the next. it is not
acceptable to have the complete heading at the foot of
one page, with the associated text starting at the
top of the next: a line must be left blank, and the
last line of the side heading carried over.
  129. headings of types (c) to (f)
may be used for subdivisions of chapters, etc.,
types (c) and (e) (i) being the most generally
used. if a greater range of options is
required, the italicised version of type (d)
may be added. this is more prominent than the version
without italics. alternatively, or additionally,
subsidiary end markers in the form of twelve
centred commas may be used between the more important
sections within chapters, so that (c) can be divided
into:
    (c) (i) centred heading; each section so
headed ends with twelve commas.
    (c) (ii) centred heading used without end
markers.
  however, it may be impossible to use a different
variety of braille heading for every kind used in print.
where headings are numbered and lettered, their relative
importance may not need to be emphasised
              12. headings
by differences in layout. sometimes it is better
to rely on the contents page to make the structure
of the text clear by different degrees of indentation,
than to clutter the text with a great many styles of
heading, in the hope that readers will relate each
style to a different level of importance.
  1210. side headings of types (d) and
(e) which end without punctuation should have a full stop
added in braille.
  1211. headings of type (f) are
appropriate where the text follows the heading on
the same print line, and print practice as to the
use or non-use of a dash between the heading and text
should be followed. if no punctuation separates the
heading from the text, a stop or colon should be
added. such headings are usually short, but if they
take up more than one line of braille, runovers should
be in cell 1. if there are lettered or roman-
numbered subparagraphs in a text, starting in
cell 5 or 7, with a heading following the letter or
number, a heading similar to (f) in all
respects except the starting-cell may be used.
  1212. print headings must not be omitted,
even if they immediately follow a page information line
carrying a similar message (see sample
918a).
  1213. the wording of print headings must not be
              12. headings
altered.
  1214. the numbers of chapters, parts,
etc., should be given as words or in figures according
to the style of the print. print should also be followed as
to whether a new line is taken between the part or
chapter number and the title. if the title
follows on the same print line without intervening
punctuation, a stop should be added after the number in
braille.
  1215. where one centred heading immediately
follows another, it is sometimes advisable to insert
a blank line between them for the sake of clarity. (this
is not necessary when the second heading is numbered or
lettered.)
  1216. centred headings are not normally
italicised in braille, even if there are italics
in the print. however, an exception is made to this
rule in legal text (see section 43), and,
in special circumstances, elsewhere, when it is
necessary to keep the print's use of several levels
of centred heading.
  1217. if a heading contains a book title
or a foreign word or phrase which itself must be
italicised, then italics should not be employed
for the whole heading; this problem needs consideration when


              12. headings
designing a system of headings for a book.
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::






















































              section 13
         end markers and separators
  131. the following signs are available:
    (a) twelve centred colons
    (b) twelve centred colons with "the end"
centred on the next line ("end of v1" etc. in
volumes other than the last)
    (c) twelve centred commas
    (d) a line of commas extending all across the
braille page
    (e) three asterisks, spaced from one
another and centred
    (f) blank line
    (g) special indicators for boxed
matter (see 136)
  132. end markers.
  1321. an end marker may consist of
twelve colons, twelve commas, or a
complete line of commas, but these signs are not
interchangeable. a line of twelve colons is the
most widely used, and marks the end of books,
articles, chapters, stories, poems, etc. it
is often used where a new page would be taken in
print. a line of twelve commas has two main
functions: (i) marking the end of tables, captions
to illustrations, quoted extracts (see section
      13. end markers and separators
15), passages on which questions have been set, and
other distinctive kinds of text; and (ii) marking
the end of subdivisions of text (e.g. sections
within a chapter). in a text where twelve commas have
to be used for the second of these functions, complete
lines of commas provide an alternative end
marker between tables, etc., and resumption of
normal text.
  1322. each item starting on line 3 of a
new braille page, e.g. acknowledgments,
preface, appendix, should normally end with
twelve centred colons. (see however
633.)
  1323. twelve centred colons are used
to separate chapters or other main divisions of
text, whether or not ornamental lines or other
end markers are present in the print.
  1324. an end marker consisting of twelve
centred colons is required at the end of every
transcription. in the case of a book, "the end",
or "end of vble..." in volumes other than the
last, is centred on the line following the
colons. where a book has had to be divided in
mid-chapter, for example, before a side heading
or after a break in text, the colons should be
omitted to show that the chapter is not complete, and
"end of vble..." should be centred on its own.
      13. end markers and separators
  1325. an end marker may not be placed at
the top of a page, without a preceding line of
text.
  1326. when an end marker is required,
other than at the end of tabulated matter or a
diagram, it should not be omitted merely because it
coincides with a turn of braille page. a line should
be left blank at the foot of the page, and the last
line of text preceding the marker should be taken over
to the next page.
  1327. not all sections beginning with centred
headings require an end marker (see 121).
  133. separators: lines of commas.
  1331. complete lines of commas (type
(d-- may be used before as well as after captions,
etc., if a separator is required because there
is no distinctive heading. when taking the place
of a heading in this way, a line of commas may
appear at the top of a page, but not at the foot;
the line of commas acting as an end marker may not
appear at the top of a page (1325).
  1332. where complete lines of commas are
used to introduce special sections of text, a
different indicator should be used to mark the end of
these sections if they are long. otherwise the reader
may find it hard to keep track of whether a
particular line of commas marks the transition
      13. end markers and separators
into, or out of, a special section. a line of
12 commas can be used as the end marker in such
cases.
  134. separators: asterisks.
  1341. the symbol for a break in text is
three centred asterisks. this should be used where print
has one, three, five or any other number of
asterisks, or an ornament, or several blank
lines, to separate one group of paragraphs from the
next.
  1342. three asterisks can be placed at the
top of a page, after the page information line.
equally, they can stand at the foot of a page, without
following text. they may not be omitted because they
coincide with a turn of page.
  135. separators: blank lines.
  1351. a blank line is a less
emphatic form of separator than asterisks or
commas.
  1352. it is used in four ways:
    (i) to represent a separator in the print
(for example where text without headings is broken
up into large groups of paragraphs by large white
spaces, represented in braille by asterisks, and then
subdivided into smaller groups by one or two
blank lines);
    (ii) to make a necessary separation in braille between
      13. end markers and separators
a paragraph of normal text with runover lines
starting in cell 1, and an item such as a table
or alphabetical list whose first line has a
cell 1 start;
    (iii) to mark the beginning of a quoted
extract which is then ended with 12 commas (see
section 15);
    (iv) where necessary, to separate a specially
formatted or displayed item from the surrounding
text.
  1353. a blank line of type (i) or
(iii) should not be placed at the end of a page, as
it will not be noticed by the braille reader. it should be
carried over to the next page. it is not necessary
to carry over an accompanying line of text, as a
blank line can stand at the top of a page, after the
page information line.
  1354. a blank line of type (ii) or
(iv) may normally be omitted at a page
turn since the change in format (together with the page
turn) will generally be sufficient.
  1355. a cell 1 heading is generally
preceded by a blank line. (see 1261.)
  1356. a table that is separated from
accompanying text by a heading and a final line of
commas may require blank lines as
separators within those boundaries, for example between
      13. end markers and separators
an introductory paragraph and the start of the
tabulated matter and between the end of the tabulated
matter and the source.
  136. boxed matter.
  1361. this refers to sections of text
printed in special boxes, which are usually
intended to be read as an accompaniment to the main
text (e.g. for illustrative purposes), but
do not form part of it. such material should normally be
inserted between paragraphs, or at the end of
sections, (but not interrupting paragraphs as may
be done in print). the material should be preceded
by a centred line consisting of: lower f, 18
colons, lower d
         to ::::::::::::::::::.
and followed by a centred line consisting of: h, 18
colons, j
         have::::::::::::::::ccccj
these indicators should not be separated from the boxed
text at a page turn: if necessary leave a
blank line at the bottom of a page to avoid
this.
  1362. the treatment of boxed material in this
way should normally be announced in a note to the
braille edition in the first volume. wording such as the
following may be suitable: "boxed text is
inserted into the main text at appropriate
      13. end markers and separators
points, preceded and followed by the centred lines
         to ::::::::::::::::::.
and
         have::::::::::::::::ccccj"
  1363. when the beginning or end of a boxed
item coincides with the turn of print page, the
print page indicator goes outside the box
indicators.
  1364. when a box ends at the end of a
chapter or main section, the box end marker is
retained before the line of 12 colons.
  1365. when one box follows immediately after
another, the closing end marker for the first, and opening
marker for the second should normally be retained, without
any intervening blank line.
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::








































              section 14
          paragraphing and indentation
  141. the following methods of paragraphing and
display are available:
    (a) normal paragraphs, starting in cell
3 and running over into cell 1.
    (b) subparagraphs, starting in cell 5,
7 or 9 according to the level of subdivision, and
running over into cell 1.
    (c) hanging paragraphs, starting in cell
1 and running over into cell 3 (subdivisions of
these may start in cell 5 and run over into cell
3, or else may start in cell 3 with all
runovers starting in cell 5).
    (d) indented display, starting in cell 5 and
running over into cell 7.
    * (e) paragraphs starting in cell 1 and
running over into cell 1, separated by blank
lines (see 1353).
    * (f) three-space paragraphs (a
new braille line is not taken, but three clear
cells are left between the end of one paragraph and the
start of the next).
  * [methods preceded by an asterisk are
only used in special circumstances. see
1421.]
       14. paragraphing and indentation
  142. paragraphs and subparagraphs.
  1421. however paragraphs are shown in
print, whether separated by blank lines or not,
whether beginning at the margin or having a shallowly
or deeply indented start, method (a) should be
followed in braille for the main text of a book or
document. but there may be special circumstances
in which print layout has to be copied; for
example, method (e) is used for
transcribing typing tests when this layout is used
in print. method (e) is also acceptable for
correspondence (but not in a published book
containing collected or quoted letters), and method
(f) in magazines where space is at a
premium.
  1422. where paragraphs are numbered, a
full stop should separate the number from the start of
text.
  1423. in material with continuously numbered
paragraphs, the paragraph number relating
to text appearing on the last line of the page must be
given on the page information line, at the end of the
information message (see 913-14).
  1424. lettered subparagraphs normally start
in cell 5 with runovers in cell 1, whether or
not there is indentation in print.
  1425. where paragraphs are further
       14. paragraphing and indentation
subdivided, for example into roman numbered
parts or parts with bracketed arabic numbers,
further degrees of indentation to cells 7, 9,
and if necessary 11 are available.
  143. lists, summaries, commentaries.
  1431. when a list of points is given,
each set out on a new line in print, a new
line with a cell 5 start should be taken for each
point in braille. runovers should be in cell 1 or
7 (see 08).
  1432. it is not normally necessary
to reproduce asterisks, dashes, black
spots, squares, or other devices which may be
used in print to mark the beginning of each point. the
cell 5 start is sufficiently distinctive.
  1433. blank lines often precede and
follow such lists in print. separators are not
required in braille either before or after a list consisting
of short items, but when there are lengthy cell
5-1 paragraphs it is helpful to mark the point
at which normal text is resumed by centring
twelve commas. (see also 1434.)
  1434. alphabetically arranged lists such
as bibliographies may be advantageously
set out as a series of hanging paragraphs so that
the initial letters stand out (method (c--. such
lists should be preceded and followed by blank lines
       14. paragraphing and indentation
if not otherwise separated from the ordinary text.
if, however, the entries are long (for example,
encyclopaedia entries), normal paragraphs
(method (a-- are generally to be preferred.
  1435. hanging paragraphs may also be
appropriate for commentaries, where each comment begins
with a line number. the line number should start in
cell 1 so that it will stand out. further paragraphs
of comment concerning the same line should start in cell
5, with all runovers in cell 3.
  144. examples and equations.
  1441. method (d) is suitable for short
set-out examples in language text books,
equations, and similar material.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::













              section 15
               extracts
  151. a passage which is indented or in
different type to show that it is an extract from
another work should be differentiated from ordinary text
in the braille either by one of the layout methods given in
156, or by inserting quotes as explained in
157. using a layout method is generally to be
preferred when the extract is set out on a new
line or lines in the print, but this should not be used for
extracts printed in special type within
ordinary text lines--these should normally be treated
by inserting quotes.
  152. different methods for dealing with set out
extracts should not normally be mixed in a single
piece of work, although where inserting quotes has
been chosen as the basic method for such
extracts, it is permissible to use one of the
layout methods for particular cases (e.g. an
awkwardly formatted extract, or a long
extract with many short paragraphs, such as a
play) in order to render the braille less cluttered.
  153. if italics are used in print to mark
a quotation off from surrounding text, and either the
layout method or insertion of quotes is used
to mark off the quotation in braille, the italics should
            15. extracts
only be retained if there is some other reason for
their use (for example, if the quotation is in a
foreign language or if thoughts are being
differentiated from spoken words).
  154. when the text consists principally of
extracts (for example, a collection of letters,
or an anthology of source material), it may
not be necessary to mark the extracts off from ordinary
text as described in this section. the separation of
one extract from another is achieved either through
appropriate use of headings, or by using one of the
methods of end markers or separators given in
section 13.
  155. blank lines often precede and follow
an extract in print: these are not reproduced in
the braille as such, although blank lines may be used in
the braille as separators as part of the layout method
of indicating the extract, as explained in
156.
  156. layout methods.
  1561. the basic method for extracts
set out on separate lines in print is to indent
the left-hand margin of the extract by four cells,
so that ordinary text lines begin in cell 5, and
new paragraphs begin in cell 7. other
formatted lines within the extract are similarly
indented by four cells, so that what would have started in
            15. extracts
cell 5 now starts in cell 9, etc.
  1562. extracts within an indented
extract can either be shown by further indentation by four
cells, or by one of the other methods given in this
section.
  1563. italics do not need to be restated
for an indented extract contained within an
italicised passage.
  1564. indented extracts which follow one
after the other should be separated by a blank line.
  1565. the indentation method may not be
advisable if:
    (a) the indentation within the extract is such as
would make braille lines excessively short, for
example if the extract were line numbered (see
section 33);
    (b) the extract or extracts in the
book were of such length as would mean that excessive
additional space was used by formatting the text in this
way;
    (c) the full page width is required in
order to braille specially formatted items such as
tables, etc.
  in such cases, the method given in 1565
may be used; and for cases (a) and (c) it is
permissible to use the method of 1565 just where
necessary for specific items, although the indentation
            15. extracts
method is generally used elsewhere in the piece of
work.
  1566. an alternative method to indentation
is to leave a blank line at the start of the
extract, and to end the extract with 12 dot
2's (centred), using the full page width as
normal. when this method is used, it may be necessary
to use end markers other than 12 dot 2's within
the extract, e.g. a complete line of dot
2's to end a table, etc., as explained in
1321. the line of 12 dot 2's used to end
an extract should be omitted if this point
coincides with the end of a section marked with 12
colons, or an end of box indicator.
  1567. the resumption of text may start as
a paragraph (cell 3) or at the margin,
depending on whether the print shows the resumption
to be a new paragraph, or may reasonably be
understood to be such. a paragraph is never shown in
braille if the first word of the resumption of text in
print is in lower case.
  157. inserting quotation marks.
  1571. when an extract is enclosed within
quotation marks in the print, then the same method
is used in the braille. when quotation marks are not
present in the print, then the method of inserting
quotation marks in the braille is available. this
            15. extracts
method should normally be used for extracts printed
in different type within ordinary text lines; but
may also be used for set out extracts as an
alternative to the above layout methods.
  1572. in an extract consisting of more than
one paragraph, quotes should be reopened at the
start of each new paragraph, but should only be
closed when the end of the extract is reached.
  1573. the resumption of text starts as
stated in 1566.
  1574. an extract with numbered lines should
be indented as explained in section 33. if a
line number coincides with a new paragraph of
indented text, the opening quote comes before the first
word of the paragraph, not before the line number.
  1575. when an extract includes a
centred heading, an opening quotation mark should
precede the first word of the heading, or of each line
of a long heading centred on several lines.
  1576. quotation marks must be reopened before
each line of an address, date, valediction,
etc., in a quoted letter, and at the beginning of each
stanza of a quoted poem.
  1577. a table occurring within a quoted
extract does not require opening quotes at
the beginning of each row, unless it is brailled in
paragraph form. tables appearing by themselves should not
            15. extracts
normally be quoted, even though inserting quotes
is the usual method used for other extracts within
the book. the normal way of dealing with tables should
generally suffice (see section 62).
  1578. it is not normally necessary to reopen
quotes before listed items which are indented in braille,
e.g. each beginning in cell 5 or 7, since
these are not regarded as paragraphs. quotes should,
however, be inserted before genuine paragraphs or
subparagraphs which have an indented start (see
sections 14 and 43).
  1579. where a quoted extract contains an
indented extract, the quotes need not be reopened
before the indented extract (whether or not the indented
extract begins with a paragraph), nor at the
resumption of the outer extract, unless the latter
is a new paragraph.
  158. sources.
  1581. the following methods for displaying the
source of an extract are available:
    (a) immediately following the passage after a
full stop and a dash.
    (b) immediately following the passage after one
space, and contained within round brackets.
    (c) as a paragraph following the
passage, and contained within round brackets.
    (d) on a line or lines immediately below the
            15. extracts
passage, each such line ending in the last cell.
there must be at least 10 clear cells at the
beginning of a source line, or else it must be
split. a source line must not come at the top of a
braille page: carry a line of the extract over to the
new page to accompany the source, leaving a line
or lines blank at the foot of the previous
page.
  in addition, the source may precede the
extract, or be given as a footnote, if this
is the style of the print.
  1582. the choice of method for showing
sources depends on which one most nearly
resembles the print layout, except that where long
sources are set out to end at the right margin in
print, so that there would have to be a great deal of
splitting in braille, method (b) or (c) should be
used, rather than method (d). the source of a letter,
a poem, a table, a passage with line numbering,
or of any material that is not set out in ordinary
paragraphs with runovers in cell 1, should be
kept distinct from the special layout of the quoted
matter: methods (a) and (b) are not suitable,
and one of the other methods should be chosen. the system
for displaying sources should, as far as possible, be


            15. extracts
consistent throughout a work.
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::


























              section 16
            composite books
  161. this section deals with books which are
composed of two or more separate works, such as a
collection of plays or novels, etc. however,
due to the great variety of formats used in print it
is impractical to attempt to be definitive
here, and a certain amount must be left to editorial
judgement in particular cases. (the guidance below
gives modifications to what is stated in other
sections, e.g. title page: section 3,
contents: section 7, etc., and is not self-
contained.)
  162. the title page should be given for the
book as a whole, not for the component books.
  163. if there is room for latitude (for
example the title may be given differently in
print on the cover and on the title page), the
title of the composite book should be chosen to be
distinct from the titles of the component books, e.g.
the composite title could be
             [title a]
                  and
             [title b]
where "[title a]" and [title b]" are the
titles of the component books.
          16. composite books
  164. the component titles can normally be
centred on the contents page before all the entries
relating to them (including prefatory matter).
when component works are divided between volumes, these
headings should be repeated, appended by the word
his(continued)", in the volume contents of continuation
volumes. prefatory items and final items
within each component book should have cell 5 entries
in the contents as usual.
  165. prefatory items for the composite
book as a whole can be treated as prefatory
matter in the usual way (see section 10).
  166. the beginning of each component book,
including prefatory matter, is marked by the
title of that component book on line 3 of a new
page, followed by 12 colons. if in addition this
is the start of text at the beginning of the braille
volume, then this is preceded on line 3 (the
component book heading and colons being moved down)
by the full title of the composite book and a blank
line. if the braille volume continues a component
book already started, then the title of the component
book is appended by his(continued)".
  167. the first item of prefatory matter
follows these titles directly; other such
items and the start of the main text each begin on
line 3 of a new page. (if there are no
          16. composite books
prefatory items the main text starts
directly on that page.) neither the composite
book title nor the component book title is
repeated where the main text starts a new page.
            sample 167a
             start of text with
          start of component book
[line 3, title of complete work]
          the gardener's omnibus
[line 4, blank]
[line 5, title of component book]
         the annual plant book
             ::::::::::::
                 .cc5
               preface
  these days any author of a new gardening book
must think about the justification of adding to the many
hundreds already written. ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  168. a longer section belonging to the composite
book as a whole may warrant being treated as the
ordinary "start of text", with the composite title
and colons preceding its heading. in this case the first
component book will begin with only its own title and
colons (on line 3 of a new page).
  169. page information lines will normally
require notice of the current component book
          16. composite books
title, as well as the chapter number, etc.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::


























              section 21
                notes
  211. this section deals with notes which have
reference marks such as asterisks or superscript
numbers in the text. it treats separately the
cases of notes such as footnotes, end of
chapter notes, notes collected at the end of the
book, etc., which are called book notes; and
notes to tables and other special items, which are
called local notes.
  2111. notes which appear in print as
ordinary paragraphs and do not have reference marks,
are transcribed as ordinary text, and no
special treatment is required. this section
does not apply in those cases.
  212. book notes.
  short notes.
  2121. short notes which are unnumbered or
for which the numbering sequence does not extend beyond the
print page, may be inserted directly into the
text in square brackets at their point of
reference. the reference mark is omitted. the
occasional longer note may also be treated in this
way. however, where the volume of these notes is
such as would become disruptive to the reader if
treated in this way, the notes should all be brailled in
              21. notes
a separate section at the end of the volume (see
2122), or in a separate volume (see
2123). the latter methods must also be used
if the notes are numbered consecutively in the
print within a section or throughout the book, so that the
notes can be similarly identified in braille.
  longer notes.
  2122. a substantial body of notes
is normally placed in separate sections at the
end of braille volumes. each volume will contain the
notes relevant to that volume only. thus
footnotes, or notes at the end of chapters,
would need to be collected together into sections for each
volume, whereas a single notes section at the
end of the print book would need to be split up
into appropriate sections for each volume. if
a chapter or section is divided between volumes,
then the corresponding notes are divided accordingly.
  21221. the point of reference in the text
is marked by an asterisk and number as an
unspaced group. the group as a whole is spaced
as a word (and hence is unspaced from adjoining
punctuation). if print uses a definite note
numbering system within sections or throughout the whole
book, then this numbering should be adhered to in the
braille. if this is not the case, then note numbering
should be consecutive and start at 1 for each braille
              21. notes
volume. where there is just a single note an
unnumbered asterisk should be used.
  21222. if print uses letters rather than
numbers for the note references, a similar method
should be used in the braille if print numbering is being
followed: in this case the letter is similarly
unspaced from the asterisk and is preceded by a letter
sign.
  the transcription of notes.
  21223. the notes section is placed as
the last section in the braille volume, apart from an
index which would follow it if present. start on
line 3 with the centred heading "notes", or the
heading used in print, if present.
  21224. each note is brailled beginning in
cell 1, with runovers in cell 3. new
paragraphs begin in cell 5. in general, cell
3 can be regarded as the left margin for other
formats which occur within a note. the note entry
begins with the note number or letter (without the
asterisk), then a space, then an unspaced
group consisting of the letter p followed by the braille page
and line numbers on which the note reference occurs.
the text of the note then follows after one space.



              21. notes
          sample 21224a
[line 3] notes
1 p1217 see also the author's history of
  europe, 1956, p116.
2 p133 these papers were discovered only
  recently, and are not widely catalogued.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  21225. when notes have more than one point
of reference in the text, for example, where they are
a set of standard references used throughout the text,
the page and line references should normally be
omitted in the transcription of the notes. (it would
be possible instead to include all the page and line
references, but this is not usually necessary in such
cases.)
  21226. if notes are divided between
volumes, and print uses the word "ibid.", rather
than the full reference, at the beginning of the notes
in a particular volume, braille should do likewise.
the same applies in other cases, such as "op.
cit.".
  21227. any headings present in a
notes section in the print should be reproduced. a
volume starting mid-section should have the section
heading repeated in the notes, but without his(continued)"
added. if the notes contain different number
sequences (e.g. if they start at 1 for each
              21. notes
chapter), headings should be introduced in the braille
to identify these sections, if not already present.
  21228. print page indicators should be
used in notes sections if the notes appear in
a complete section in the print (e.g. at the end
of the book), but not if the notes are collected from
footnotes or from other points in the text (such
as from the end of chapters).
  21229. the centred part of the page information
line should be of the form "notes. 23", where
"notes" is the heading used at the start of the
notes section, and 23 is the number of the note
current on the last line of the page. (the number
is spaced from the full stop.) where the notes are
divided into separate number sequences as
described in 21226 the information line should be
modified to reflect this, so that the notes can be
uniquely identified, e.g. "notes for chapter
4. 23". the left-hand cells of the page
information line should state print page numbers if
print page indicators are used (see
21227).
  212210. the notes section should end with
12 centred colons (followed by the usual "end
of vble----" or "the end" if it is the last
section in the volume (042--. 12 colons
are used even when the notes refer to an
              21. notes
incomplete chapter or section of a book.
  212211. the notes section should be given
a cell 5 entry in the volume contents, using the
same wording as in the heading at the start of that
section.
  notes in separate volumes.
  2123. when the total volume of notes
for a book occupy 30 or more sheets (i.e. 60
or more pages of double-sided braille), they should
normally be placed in a separate pamphlet or
volume. a smaller volume of notes may also
be treated in this way by including other terminal
material in the pamphlet, (for example, an
index), in order to achieve the 30 sheet
minimum. separate note volumes are
particularly helpful when it is likely that they will
be read in parallel with the main text (as, for
example, with shakespeare plays); such notes
sometimes appear on facing pages to the main text
in print.
  21231. note sections for different
volumes should normally start on line 3 of a new
page with a heading (i.e. "notes for volume
1", etc.), and the sections ended with 12 centred
colons (even if ending mid-chapter for the
volume). these volume headings should be stated in the
contents for that volume (see sample 75d).
              21. notes
chapter or section headings should be included as in
21227.
  21232. where the notes are numbered
by volume, rather than by chapter or section, page
information lines should be of the form "notes for volume
2. 23", etc. where the notes are numbered
by chapter, the form "notes for chapter 4. 23",
etc. should be used (a volume reference is
unnecessary). the general principle is to state the
appropriate information for notes to be uniquely
identified.
  21233. when notes are collected together
and placed in separate volumes, it is not necessary
to explain this standard procedure in a note to braille
edition. an explanation is needed, however, when
different series of notes are treated in different
ways (21261).
  notes at the end of chapters.
  2124. if notes appear at the end of
chapters or sections in print the same method
is permissible in braille, but the method of placing
them at the end of volumes (2122) is
normally used because the notes are then more easily
located, and less intrusive. when notes are
placed at the end of chapters or sections they should
be separated from the main text by a blank line if
there is no heading present to indicate their start.
              21. notes
the normal method for transcribing the notes is
used. the current chapter or section heading
normally continues on the page information line unless
the notes are particularly long, or if they are
treated as a separate section in the print, for
example with their own contents entry. in these cases
a specific page information line for the notes may
be used.
  notes between paragraphs.
  2125. very rarely it may be appropriate
for notes to be inserted between paragraphs in the main
text. this method should only be used when a
similar method is used in the print and it is
clear that the notes are expected to be read in this
way as part of the main text.
  21251. if notes are numbered
continuously in print for the chapter or section, or
for the whole book, this numbering is retained.
otherwise the notes are numbered from 1 for each
paragraph. (if there is only one note in a
paragraph then an asterisk without a number is
sufficient.)
  21252. the notes are transcribed in the
usual way, in a block following the
appropriate paragraph of text. the block of
notes is distinguished from the main text either by being
indented by four cells so that entries begin in cell
              21. notes
5 with runovers in cell 7, or by being preceded
and followed by a blank line. the indentation method
is usually used unless indentation is used for some
other purpose in the text (e.g. for extracts
or set out mathematics expressions).
  different types of notes.
  2126. where there are two types of notes
in a book, for example footnotes and end of
book notes, these should normally be kept distinct
in the braille. for example, one set of notes can
use asterisks in their reference marks as usual;
the other set can use daggers in the same way, or
may be inserted directly into the text if this
method is appropriate. when reference numbers
are used for both sets, each should have its own
separate number sequence, except when following
a print numbering system which does not do so.
  21261. different series of notes should be
transcribed separately. when placed together at
the end of volumes or in a separate volume,
etc., it is essential that each set of notes
has a distinct heading, e.g.,
               * notes
or
               owo notes
etc.
  21262. when the method used in braille for the
              21. notes
placement of different types of notes
requires explanation, for example where one
series of notes appears at the end of
volumes, but the other longer series appears in a
separate volume, this explanation should be stated in
a note to braille edition for the book as a whole.
  213. local notes.
  2131. this refers to notes which apply to a
specific item, such as a table, rather than forming
part of a series of notes for the work as a whole.
  2132. as in 2121, if the notes are
short they may be inserted in square brackets
at their point of reference.
  2133. longer notes are given a reference
mark at their point of reference as in 21221,
taking care that these references will not be confused in the
context with book notes (see 2126). the
notes themselves may then be brailled using ordinary
paragraph form (starting in cell 3 with runovers
in cell 1), and be placed in the same position
as in print. for example, they may directly
precede or follow the body of a table. each
note will start with the full reference mark (i.e.
including the asterisk if used at the point of
reference), and continue directly with the text of the
note without page or line references.
  21331. when a note gives information which
              21. notes
is significant to the reading of the associated
item as a whole (for example, an asterisk
may be used to indicate "figures not available"
for several entries in a table), it may be moved
to the beginning of the item, whatever its position in
print.
  21332. if necessary, square brackets
may be inserted around notes if their status would
otherwise not be clear. this may occur, for
example, with a note placed in braille at the
beginning of a table as an ordinary paragraph
amongst other paragraphs.
  21333. where the number of notes is
large, cell 1 to 3 format may be used for the
transcription of the notes instead of cell 3
to 1, so that the note numbers can be quickly scanned
and located. the asterisk may also be omitted in the
transcription of the notes. however, when using this
format care should be taken to ensure that the notes are
separated from other text, e.g. by using blank
line separators, since the meaning may not
otherwise be clear to the reader. there may be
occasions where page and line references are also
desirable, in which case they may be added using the
same method as in 21224. however, this is not
normally the case.
  21334. if print uses reference marks
              21. notes
other than asterisks or superscript numbers
or letters, then these may be used in braille
directly, or in a modified form, if they are
clear. for example, bracketed letters or
numbers may be used if unambiguous in the
context. however, a series of more than two
asterisks or daggers becomes clumsy in braille,
and so the usual method of using a single asterisk
or dagger followed by a number should normally be
used.
  214. line numbered notes.
  2141. when line numbers are used in the
print to identify the position of notes, the same
method may be used in braille. braille page and line
references are not required when transcribing the
notes. note numbers should not be given if not
given in the print. (see sample 214a.)
            sample 214a
      extract from: the squire's tale
       the norice of digestioun, the sleep,
     gan on hem wynke and bad hem
         taken keep
     that muchel drynke and labour wolde han
         reste;
cej andwitha galpyng mouth hem alle he
         keste,
     and seyde that it was tyme to lye adoun,
              21. notes
...
cee and every wight gan drawe hym to his
         reste,
     as sleep hem bad; they took it for the
         beste.
       hire dremes shul nat now been
         toold for me;
     ful were hire heddes of fumositee,

     part of corresponding notes section
350 galpyng: yawning. keste: kissed.
358 fumositee: fumes derived from wine
  drinking.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::









































              section 22
                indexes
  221. the index is usually the final section
in a braille book, following the notes section (if
any).
  222. only under very exceptional
circumstances should the index be omitted.
  223. an index should start on line 3 of a
new page. the same applies to each index in a
book containing several.
  224. in order to facilitate use of the
index references, the distribution of print pages
in each volume is given at the start of the index
as a guide (see sample 224a), unless the
volume already contains this information in a general
contents. in a book with more than one index, this
information should be placed at the start of the first index,
but is not repeated at the start of subsequent
indexes. if an index continues into a second
volume the volume division information should be
repeated after the index heading. diagram volumes
should be included when stating the division of volumes
at the beginning of the index, since this may be useful
for the reader when following up a text reference.
  2241. a line of twelve commas is
centred at the end of the volume division information.
             22. indexes
           sample 224a
[line 3] ppi
                 index
  the braille edition is divided as follows:
    volume 1: p1-48
    volume 2: p49-79
    volume 3: p80-110
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  225. the letter of the alphabet, preceded by a
letter sign, is centred before each alphabetic
section in the index.
  226. main entries are placed at the left
margin, set-out subentries in cell 3, further
subdivisions in cell 5, and so on. runovers
start two cells to the right of the most deeply
indented level of entry or subdivision. (see
sample 226a.)
  2261. print page numbers are retained
as the reference numbers.
            sample 226a
data type, 4, 5, 30
  abstract, 7-8, 11-21, 399-427
    advantages of, 18-21
    formal specifications, 418-425
  atomic, 5, 7, 12, 25, 32
    bit, 37 ... etc.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
             22. indexes
  2262. if subentries are not set out on
new lines in the print but continue on directly
after the main entry, the same method should be
followed in the braille. runovers are then indented
by two cells with respect to the main entry.
  2263. punctuation used in print should be
followed, but a comma between the entry and the page
number should be added if the print leaves only a
space. where print uses a longer style of
hyphen in ordinary hyphenated number groups
than is used between words, braille should still normally use
the single cell hyphen rather than a dash.
  2264. when a main entry or subentry
starts on one braille page and continues with a runover
or a new subentry on the next, it is unnecessary
in braille to repeat the heading with "continued", whether or
not the print does so.
  2265. an entry without a page reference,
acting as a heading to following subentries with page
references, should not be placed on the last line of a
page, but should be moved to the beginning of the next
page.
  227. print page indicators should be used
in the body of the index.
  228. page information lines.
  2281. page information lines should be of the form:

             22. indexes
print page index. aut-cor braille page

where the hyphenated group aut-cor gives the first
three letters of the first and last main entries which
appear in part or in full on that page. neither letter
signs nor contractions should normally be used for this
group.
  2282. if a single main entry covers the
whole page, or if all the main entries start
with the same three letters, then just a three letter group
is given, rather than a hyphenated group.
  2283. the first four letters may be used for
ease of reference in a very long index, where, for
example, there are several pages of entries
beginning "con".
  2284. if an entry starts with a short word
(e.g. "in", "o"), only these letters should
normally be given, rather than adding letters of the next
word to make up the three. however, where many entries
have the same initial one or two letter word,
additional letterggs) may be added for ease of
reference (as in 2283). for example, where there
are many pages with entries starting "st" for saint,
the form "sta-stc", etc. would be appropriate,
using the initial letter of the following name. (note,
however, that if in this case the entries are
positioned in the index as the word "saint" rather than as
             22. indexes
the letters "st", the form "st ans-st cut" is more
suitable.)
  2285. cases such as "o'neil" should be
treated as a single word, so in this example the
three letter group is "one". in foreign
language cases such as "l'orange", "le"
is a separate word; the entry would probably be
ordered under "orange", and the three letter group would
be "ora".
  2286. if an entry consists of a single letter
(which is not a word), then it should be preceded by the letter
sign in the hyphenated group. the letter sign is
not, however, required here for other abbreviations,
such as bbc. if an entry consists of some other
special expression, e.g. a mathematical
expression, then it is preferable to use more than the
three cells in the hyphenated group, rather than
break it unnaturally.
  2287. the title of the index used in print
should be used on the page information line. thus rather
than "index", "index of names", "general
index", or "list of names", etc. might be
used.
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::
































              section 23
               diagrams
  231. general remarks.
  2311. diagrams are treated in a number
of ways in braille transcriptions: the diagram
may be reproduced in a tactile form; the
diagram may be replaced by a description; the
diagram may be dealt with using a combination of
tactile diagram and description; the diagram
may be omitted. making a tactile diagram will
normally involve simplifying and enlarging the print
original. these approaches are required because
tactile diagrams are generally less easily
assimilated than print diagrams, and because the
amount of detail which a page can usefully contain
is considerably less than for a print diagram.
  2312. when deciding which approach to use
consideration has to be given both to the ease with which the
information to be conveyed will be assimilated by the
reader, and to the need to respect the style of the print
original. where there is a large amount of similar
or well structured diagrammatic material
this can sometimes be effectively replaced
by descriptions. an example of this might be where
a section of a book consists of a sequence of maps
of the same area showing localities for different
            23. diagrams
species of plant: it may be possible
to simply state these localities in words.
individual diagrams showing relationships rather than
objects (e.g. organisational charts) can also
often be described in words without detriment to the
transcription. on the other hand diagrams showing
physical structures in scientific texts
or geometrical figures in mathematics
texts are more often to be regarded as an
essential part of the presentation of the subject, and
therefore their inclusion in that form is more important.
these examples are illustrative of the issues which
can be involved, but the sheer diversity of situations
precludes the statement of concise rules on this
matter.
  232. materials.
  2321. there are two techniques
currently used to make tactile diagrams. in
the thermoform method the raised diagram is made
by gluing special textured wires, tile,
etc. on a master sheet as a collage, and then
reproducing this image on plastic sheets
by thermoforming. the plastic sheet copy (not the
master) is used in the book. in the heat-expanded
paper method the required image is
photocopied onto special paper which is then
passed through a processor. the paper expands under
            23. diagrams
the black areas of the image to form the tactile
diagram. this can not be reproduced by thermoform:
each copy of the diagram must be processed in this
way.
  2322. thermoform diagrams are normally
perkins paper size (either portrait or
landscape), but it is also possible to use larger
formats for special purposes. heat-expanded
paper diagrams are normally abled size, but a
larger bbled size is available which can also be cut
down to standard braille page size.
  233. incorporation of diagrams, and
binding.
  2331. mixed format books and
pamphlets.
  23311. diagrams for computer produced
books and pamphlets are normally bound at the
end of the braille volumes to which they apply. however,
if there are many diagrams which need to be read in
conjunction with the text it may be preferable to bind the
diagrams in separate volumes. a third
option is to collate the diagrams with the braille
text so that they are inserted after their point of
reference, or so as to best preserve the page
order if there is no point of reference in the
text. this option is less convenient as far as
production is concerned, and is therefore only used
            23. diagrams
where there is special reason to do so. none of these
standard binding methods needs to be announced or
explained in a note to braille edition.
  23312. diagrams bound in the same
volume as braille text should normally be of a comparable
size to the rest of the volume. for ordinary book
size (38 cells, 25 lines), thermoform
diagrams should be standard perkins size in
portrait format, and heat-expanded paper
diagrams should be specifically cut to size or
abled size in portrait format. when diagrams
are bound in separate volumes it is possible
to use an alternative format or a larger size
if this is more suitable for the type of diagram
involved.
  23313. in special diagram
pamphlets it may be necessary to mix large format
diagrams with ordinary size text pages
containing keys or other ancillary material, and
in this case the diagrams and text will normally be
collated so that keys are placed with their
corresponding diagrams.
  23314. diagrams placed at the end of
volumes should be bound in page order as indicated
by the reference code on the right of the page information
line (see 23413), facing the front of the
book, apart from facing pages (2333).
            23. diagrams
diagrams placed in separate volumes should
similarly be bound in page order. except where
diagrams are placed in separate volumes
(see 23341), the end of volume indication
normally goes on the last text page, not on the
last diagram page.
  23315. diagrams collated with the text
should normally be bound, facing the front, immediately
after the first appearance of the relevant print page
number on the page information line of the text.
(note that if the braille is embossed double-sided,
"immediately after" means immediately after the sheet--it is
obviously not possible to insert a diagram
immediately after a right-hand page!) if that particular
number does not appear, then the diagram should be
placed so as to preserve the number order if
possible, or failing that, simply following the
next print number appearing. when more than one
diagram is bound at the same point they should be
placed in order of their reference codes.
  23316. it is also possible to collate
diagrams with the text so that they face the
relevant text. this method may be used when
specially needed or requested, but is less
easily managed and can cause difficulties when
several diagrams have to be inserted at the same
point.
            23. diagrams
  2332. single format books and
pamphlets.
  23321. when the braille text is done on a
manual embosser such as a perkins, the
diagrams can be incorporated into the text using the
collage method, following the same general
order as the print original. although tactile
diagrams will often take a full page, it is
also possible for text and smaller diagrams
to follow on the same braille page. diagrams are
normally placed between paragraphs (if necessary leaving
blank lines at the bottom of a braille page so as
to allow sufficient space), or otherwise
follow the print arrangement. in this case
diagrams are generally finished with a centred line of
12 dot 2's unless closely mixed with the
text. but if full page diagrams only are
used, the diagrams can be treated as separate
"plates", and the preceding and following text
pages can end and start as if consecutive pages.
pages containing diagrams are treated on the
same basis as text pages, and so the same
page size should be adhered to for both. the same
remarks apply when a pamphlet is produced
entirely using heat-expanded paper.
  23322. diagrams and text pages are
not distinguished for the purposes of binding, and so are
            23. diagrams
bound in the normal braille page number order. where
lettered page numbers are used (see 23422)
these are inserted in their natural alphabetic
order.
  2333. facing pages.
  23331. diagram pages may need to be
bound as facing pages. for example:
    (a) when a diagram has been split
into parts which should be read across a double page spread;
    (b) when two or more related diagrams
benefit from being read together across a double page
spread;
    (c) when a key relating to a diagram is
on a separate page: the key and diagram should
normally be on facing pages.
  2334. diagrams in separate
volumes.
  23341. when diagrams are bound in
separate volumes, each diagram volume should
normally have a title page consistent with the text
volumes, apart from a modified block 2 which is
of the form:
             ::::::::::::
            in eight volumes
        volume eight: diagrams
             ::::::::::::
  the diagram volumes are included when stating
            23. diagrams
the total number of volumes for the book.
  23342. when the diagram and text
volumes are made by different agencies, the
text in block 3 on the title page may
require modification to reflect this. in the case
where volunteers produce the text volumes and
rnib staff produce the diagram volumes,
the title page for diagram volumes should state
"produced by" rather than "transcribed by the
volunteers group for" in block 3. (see
sample 34d.)
  23343. no other supplementary sheets
are normally required, e.g. there is no contents
page. other formatting conventions used for the text,
e.g. chapter headings, "start of text" format,
print page indicators, etc., are similarly
not required, apart from the usual end of volume
indication as in 042, which goes at the end of the
last diagram page. there may, however, be
occasions where it is necessary to include an
explanatory note which relates to the diagrams
as a whole.
  23344. diagram volumes should be
included when stating the volume division information in
the general contents (7224).
  234. page information lines.

            23. diagrams
  2341. mixed format books and
pamphlets.
  23411. the page information line (line 1)
in this case is normally of the form:

       [book title] [reference code]

  23412. [book title] is simply
the title of the work (abbreviated if necessary), and so
remains the same throughout. care should be taken
to ensure that it is short enough for all diagram
pages, taking into account the varying length of the
reference code. this title should serve as a fixed
identifier for the set of diagrams and so any
variation of form should be avoided.
  23413. [reference code] is of the
basic form: d67, where 67 is the print page
on which the diagram appears. the following covers
various cases:
    (a) if there is more than one diagram on
that print page, each occupying a separate braille
page, then these pages have the codes d67a,
d67b, etc.
    (b) if a single diagram requires more
than one braille page then numbers are appended after
a hyphen, e.g. d67-1, d67-2 (for
pages 1 and 2 of diagram d67); or
            23. diagrams
d67a-1, d67a-2 (for pages 1 and
2 of diagram d67a), etc.
    (c) if there is more than one diagram
placed on a single braille page, the code is of the
form d67, where 67 is the print page number
on which the first diagram appears. (if this is not the
only diagram sheet for the page then d67a,
d67b, etc. would have to be used instead of
d67.)
    (d) if in case (c) a series of
diagrams is being treated as a group rather than as
separate diagrams, and more than one braille page
is used for the group, then these pages have codes
d67-1, d67-2 etc. (or
d67a-1, d67a-2, etc.).
    (e) if there are no print page numbers,
or print page numbers are not used in the braille,
the diagram codes are simply given in
sequence, e.g. d1, d2, d3, etc.
  a letter sign is required before the "d" and before
"a", "b", etc., and a numeral sign is
required before the "1", "2", etc. even in
cases such as d67-1.
  23414. in the case of special
diagram pamphlets (23313 above) the
method for single format pamphlets may
alternatively be used (2342). this will
            23. diagrams
generally be more suitable since the distinction between text
pages and diagram pages is less valid.
  2342. single format books and
pamphlets.
  23421. in this case pages containing
diagrams are treated in the same way as
ordinary text pages, and the page information line will
contain the print page number, section heading and
braille page number, using the system established
for the book or pamphlet as a whole.
  23422. braille page numbers are normally
consecutive, but when diagram pages are made
separately, and the number of sheets that will be
required for a diagram is not known at the time when
the text is brailled, a single page number should be
left (e.g. the text pages are numbered ...
32, 33, 35, 36 ...). when the diagram
page is inserted, it will be given the simple
number if it occupies a single sheet (in this
example, 34), or lettered numbers if it
occupies more than one sheet (e.g. 34a,
34b, 34c).
  235. print page indicators.
  2351. print page indicators are not
required when diagrams are placed on
special pages, but they are required when
diagrams are treated as an integral part of the
            23. diagrams
text. the print page for diagrams inserted on
special pages is sufficiently clear from the
page information line.
  236. adding braille diagram references to the
main text.
  2361. in general, a reference to the
relevant diagram page should be given in the
text when a diagram is first referred to. this
reference should be enclosed in square brackets, and
state the braille page or reference code, as
described in 23413, e.g. [d67],
or [d67a], etc. any "tail" consisting
of a hyphen and number (as in d67-1,
d67-2, or d67a-1, d67a-2) for
diagrams taking more than one sheet should not be
included in the reference, only the part preceding the
hyphen is stated. this means that the reference is
independent of the number of diagram sheets
required, which may not be known at the time of
brailling the text. similarly, when a diagram
occupies lettered pages in a single format book
or pamphlet as described in 23422
(e.g. 34a, 34b, 34c), the reference
should state the number only (i.e. 34).
  2362. when more than one diagram is
placed on a single diagram sheet it may be
necessary to label these in the braille in order that they can be
            23. diagrams
referenced separately. it is not necessary
to introduce such labels if they are already
satisfactorily labelled in the print. the
diagrams on the diagram page may thus be
labelled [1], [2], [3], etc.,
and their references in the text will accordingly be of the form
[d67 [1]], [d67 [2]],
[d67 [3]], etc., depending on the
page number.
  2363. it is not normally necessary to give a
diagram reference when a diagram appears on
the same braille page as the related text in single
format work.
  2364. print page references present in
the original print should generally be retained, but
words or phrases such as "below", "left",
"opposite", etc., should normally be deleted.
  2365. when a diagram referred to in the
text is not reproduced in the braille it will be necessary
to insert a square bracketed note explaining this
at the first point of reference, e.g. "[not
reproduced]", unless a general explanation
has already been made of this, for example, in a
note to the braille edition at the start of the book or
pamphlet.
  2366. when diagrams are bound in
separate volumes, and more than one diagram
            23. diagrams
volume is used, it is helpful to state in a
note to the braille edition at the front of each text
volume which diagram volumeggs) should be referred
to for that volume. such a note would not be required
for a volume containing a general contents which already
states this information.
  237. captions.
  2371. when diagrams are reproduced their
captions should normally be placed before the diagram,
after any heading, on the diagram page or
pages. depending on the arrangement it is
permissible for the heading and caption to be placed on
one page, with the diagram itself on the next.
  2372. when captions are particularly long,
an alternative in mixed format work is to braille the
captions with the normal text so that there is not an
excessive amount of text to be included on the
special diagram pages. in this case a
suitable method is to insert captions between
paragraphs at appropriate points in the
text, enclosed in square brackets. (see
23731.) an explanation of this will normally be
required in the note to the braille edition.
  2373. if an illustration is not being
reproduced its caption may be retained if it
contains useful information not covered in the main
text.
            23. diagrams
  23731. one method of treating such
captions is to insert them between paragraphs at
appropriate points in the text, enclosed in
square brackets. for example:
  [illustration caption: fig$34. fine
structure. the spinning electron is a tiny
magnet and the coupling between it and the magnetic field
...]
  it may be useful to include the print page
number in round brackets if there are references
to it in the text (e.g. in the above example
by inserting (p67) after the word "caption"). however,
it is not normally necessary to indicate the page with
print page indicators. the caption can be treated
as if it appeared on the print page into which it is
being inserted. an alternative method is to use
a line of commas before and after the caption (see
1331), instead of using square brackets. this
method displays the caption more prominently, but
takes up more room.
  23732. where a caption is long and can be
regarded as a special section in the text, for
example, a list of instructions whose supporting
illustrations are not being reproduced, a more
suitable method may be to centre the heading and
treat the caption as a series of ordinary
unbracketed paragraphs, ending with a centred line
            23. diagrams
of 12 dot 2's.
  23733. where there are many captions not
closely linked with the text, an alternative
method is to collect them into a separate section
at the end of the relevant chapter. each caption
entry can then be treated as a paragraph following
a heading such as "illustration captions". as in
23731 it may be useful to include a print
page reference, but print page indicators are
not normally necessary.
  238. explanatory notes.
  2381. explanatory notes to diagrams
should normally be enclosed in square brackets and
brailled as a paragraph after the diagram heading and
caption (if present). it will be necessary to say:
    (a) if the diagram has been split
over several braille pages, e.g. "[this diagram
covers three pages.]", or "[the diagram
has been split horizontally into two sections.
the top half appears on this page, the bottom
half on the next page.]";
    (b) if the diagram should be read across
facing pages, e.g. "[the following diagram
is to be read across facing pages.]";
    (c) if any special abbreviations have
been used in the labels, e.g. "[in the
following, ft ggfatty tissue.]";
            23. diagrams
    (d) if the diagram is to be read with the
page turned sideways, e.g. "[read the
page sideways.]"
    (e) if there are other points to be noted
about the organisation of the diagram.
  2382. this is also the appropriate place
to give any additional remarks or descriptions
to aid the reader, as explained in 231. if both
this and the information in (a)-(ence) is lengthy, then it
is best to start a new square bracketed
paragraph for each, but otherwise they can be covered
in the same paragraph. the following may need
to be included:
  23821. it may be necessary to explain if a
special technique has been used in
representing a 3-d diagram, for example,
if it has been resolved to show a top view and
side view, and to explain any features which will
therefore not be apparent.
  23822. it may be necessary to explain any
features of the original diagram which have been
omitted altogether.
  23823. it can often be very useful to the reader
to include a brief explanation which will help
identify the elements of the diagram, or indeed
identify the diagram as a whole if it has no
heading or label. whereas the sighted reader very
            23. diagrams
quickly identifies a print diagram from a
cursory glance, a tactile diagram is read
piecemeal and it is much more difficult for the reader
to correlate this information and determine what the
diagram is about. for example, a diagram of a
biological organ without a heading can be very
difficult to identify; a simple note added,
e.g., "[the diagram shows the muscles in the
human leg; the foot is at the bottom of the
page.]", makes this task much more practical.
  2383. when a diagram is entirely
replaced by a description or explanation this can be
inserted as a square bracketed paragraph between
text paragraphs at an appropriate point.
e.g.
  [fig. 22. atoms are electrical.
[not reproduced. the figure shows two
electrodes placed in a tank which contains
molten sodium chloride. the sodium ions
move towards the negative electrode, and the
chlorine ions move towards the positive
electrode.]]
  an alternative is to centre the heading and
omit the outer square brackets and end with a
centred line of 12 dot 2's. in either case the
exact form will be determined at the editing stage.

            23. diagrams
  239. keys.
  2391. a key for the diagram labels will
often be required in braille due to the lack of
space on the braille diagram itself. where
space is limited and the diagram appears on the
same page, the following format can be used for a
short purely text key (up to 3 short
entries): [key: a ggarm; b ggback; c
ggcollar bone.]. this is brailled as a paragraph
before the diagram. however, it is generally more
convenient for the reader if a diagram key is set
out in column form rather than as a spuare bracketed
paragraph. this will allow quick access to the different
abbreviations listed. the key should normally be brailled
on a page facing and preceding the diagram unless
there is room to place it on the same page as the
diagram. the key should be given a suitable cell
3 heading, such as "key for the diagram on the
opposite page:", "key for the diagram on the
following two pages:", "key for the diagram on
pages d23-3 and d23-4:", or simply
"key:" when the diagram appears on the same
page.
  2392. when originating a braille key, the
key should normally be listed alphabetically, with
any textures given first. however, if a print
key is being reproduced, the print's order should
            23. diagrams
be followed. the items in the list are normally
placed in cell 1 with runovers in cell 5.
if the key heading runs on to a new line (i.e.
into cell 1), a blank line should be left before the
key listing.
  2393. key abbreviations. in general, the
same rules apply as for standard english braille.
thus, initials should have a letter sign; two or more
letters from one word do not have a letter sign. when space
is limited, the letter signs can be omitted both
on the diagram and in the key, but when this is done
an explanatory note is required, e.g.
"[letter signs are omitted for labels on the
diagram and in the key.]". when copying print
abbreviations with abbreviation points, the abbreviation
points should be retained and then the letter sign is not
used.
  23931. when a second series of
abbreviations is required, one set can be brailled
without abbreviation points as normal, and the other with
abbreviation points (e.g. for locations and roads
on a map). when used in this way for different
categories, it is the convention to list all the
labels without abbreviation points first, then all the
labels with abbreviation points.
  2394. use of foreign code. for
books using foreign braille code, labels on
            23. diagrams
diagrams should be coded using the methods of that
code, where appropriate. in particular, in
codes where the letter sign does not exist (e.g.
french), the foreign capital sign may be used
instead. the editor should instruct the diagram maker
in such cases as to what is required.
  2310. information for diagram makers.
  23101. when diagrams are being made
separately from the braille text, the diagram
makers will need to know the following information:
    (a) the material, paper size and
orientation of paper (portraitstlandscape) to be
used.
    (b) the page information line, including the
reference code or page number for each
diagram. it may not be possible to determine
page numbers for single format books or
pamphlets until after transcription, but the
reference code for mixed format work can be fixed at
the editing stage.
    (c) whether or not to include the captions on
the diagram pages.
    (d) the text of explanatory notes.
detailed descriptions or explanations should
normally be determined by the person preparing the work
as a whole; a note stating a key or the
placement of the diagram over different pages will
            23. diagrams
normally be done by the diagram maker.
    (e) if special techniques need to be
used, for example for 3-d diagrams. the
person preparing the work as a whole should state
whether to show a front view, or a top view,
etc., and may also need to supply a sketch if
the diagram needs to be treated in a special
way. this can occur, for example, when dealing with
3-d mathematical diagrams which normally
require editorial guidance in order to be
represented effectively.
    (f) special braille notation required. the
person preparing the book as a whole must ensure
that the notation used on the diagrams is consistent
with that used in the text.
                         [march 1998]
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              section 24
               end matter
  241. a book may contain one or more
sections at the end which may be regarded as outside
the main body of the text. the index (covered
separately in section 22) belongs to this
category, as do appendices,
bibliographies and reference sections.
  242. these sections are treated in the same
way as prefatory matter (section 10), each
starting on line 3 of a new page, and ending with
12 centred colons. in the case of a series of
appendices, in particular when they are numerous and
short, an alternative is to begin the first on
line 3 of a new page, then follow on
directly with subsequent appendices, ending
each with 12 colons. the same may apply
to other series of items.
  243. end matter is normally placed at the
end of the last braille volume in the same order as
given in print, except that the index (if
present) is placed last in braille whatever the
print order. this is to allow the reader easy
access. the notes section (section 21) is
placed last in each volume apart from the index.
  244. the page information line for the first page of
            24. end matter
each section carries the print page and braille
page number only. if a section continues to a
second page, the page information line also contains
a centred information message (the title of the
section, abbreviated if necessary) (see section
9).
  245. bibliographies.
  2451. these are normally set out with entries
beginning in cell 1 with runovers in cell 3.
where a subentry relates to the same author it
begins in cell 5 with runovers in cell 3. the
subentry may begin with a long dash in print: use
a long dash in braille in the same way.
  2452. print should generally be followed in the
use of italics. it is not normally necessary
to italicise authors' names printed in
capitals at the beginning of entries, although it
may be necessary to add punctuation in order
to separate the name from the following text.
  2453. cell 3 side headings will often not
be distinct in lists such as bibliographies. a
better alternative is to use centred headings
for the main subdivisions, and to use centred lines of
12 dot 2's if necessary to distinguish main
subdivisions from minor subdivisions. cell 1-
5 headings preceded by a blank line can also be

            24. end matter
used if necessary for lower ranking divisions.
                      [january 1995]
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