

          braillists' manual



             ::::::::::::
            in two volumes
              volume two
             ::::::::::::




         produced and published by
      royal national institute for the blind
              peterborough
       registered charity no. 226227

             ::::::::::::



           first published 1991
      revised editions 1995, 1998
         isbn 0901797707
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                contents
section braille page
31. dialogue, plays and libretti
32. poetry --------------------- 11
33. line numbering ----------------- 17
34. parallel text --------------- 21
41. dictionaries, directories and
  glossaries, etc. --------------- 31
42. textbooks ------------------ 39
43. legal text ----------------- 43
44. special braille codes ---------- 57
45. text in foreign languages ----- 59
46. music publications ------------ 65
47. articles -------------------- 67
48. leaflets -------------------- 71
49. hymn books and service books -- 79
51. recipes -------------------- 89
52. knitting patterns ------------- 91
53. crossword puzzles ------------ 93
54. correspondence --------------- 99
55. forms ------------------------ 103
61. genealogical tables ----------- 113
62. tables ----------------------- 117
63. flowcharts -------------------- 135
71. word division ------------------ 137

                contents
section braille page
72. proofreading practice ---------- 141
             ::::::::::::


























          braillists' manual
             ::::::::::::
              section 31
      dialogue, plays and libretti
  311. the names of speakers (even if
abbreviated) should be italicised at the beginning of
speeches, but not where they occur in the text of the
dialogue. such names should also be italicised within
stage directions if shown in a distinctive type
from the rest of the stage direction in the print (for
example, in capitals), but should not be
italicised if not distinguished in this way.
  312. stage directions, even when
italicised in print, should not be italicised in
braille (apart from speakers' names), but they must be
enclosed in square brackets, however shown in
print. this applies also to the description at the
beginning or end of a scene.
  3121. when the stage direction consists of
several paragraphs, the square brackets must be
reopened for each paragraph as usual. when two
separate stage directions appear one after the
other, they should be enclosed in square brackets
separately. this will often occur at the beginning of
scenes where first the general scene description is
given, and then a specific stage direction such
         31. dialogue, plays
as [sound of children's laughter].
  3122. when a stage direction is set out
on a line or lines alone in print, it should be
brailled as a new paragraph. when dialogue is
resumed a new line should be taken starting in cell
3 whether it begins with a new speaker, or if the
same speaker continues. in the latter case it is
not necessary to insert the speaker's name again if it is not
repeated in print.
  3123. when a stage direction appears in
print at the end or within an ordinary line of
dialogue, the same method should be used in braille
unless it refers to a character other than the speaker (for
example, [enter juliet]). in the latter
case the stage direction and resumption of
dialogue should be treated as in 3122.
  3124. where a stage direction such as
"sings" ends the first line of a song, it should be
written within square brackets immediately before the
words to be sung.
  3125. where the print indicates that two or
more speakers are to say their words together, by grouping them
with a large bracket or by some other such means, this
direction should be explained in the braille in a square
bracketed note. it may be necessary to indicate which
speakers are being referred to here by marking the speakers
names with an asterisk or dagger.
         31. dialogue, plays
  3126. in libretti, which readers may
want to follow during a performance, stage
directions set on separate lines should be
indented with respect to the main text so that they may
be easily skipped. thus, rather than using cell
3 to 1 paragraphs for stage directions, cell
7 to 5 paragraphs should be used.
  313. each speech in prose should be treated
as a paragraph, and each speech in verse should be
treated as a new stanza. thus in both these
cases the speaker's name (italicised) begins in
cell 3 of a new line, and the first word of
dialogue or stage direction should follow on the
same line after one blank space.
  3131. print punctuation should be retained
after a speaker's name, but in the absence of any
punctuation a full stop should be added in the braille.
when such punctuation is so added, it should be placed
after any stage direction immediately following the
speaker's name, rather than before; although when punctuation
is already present in the print, the print's order
should be followed.
  314. where speeches are given in verse form,
the line-by-line method should normally be used in
braille (see section 32). when plays are in
mixed verse and prose form, the braille should follow this
style and use the appropriate format for the
         31. dialogue, plays
particular part of the text.
  3141. stage directions are treated as in
3122 and 3123. when stage directions are
brailled as part of the speech line (3123),
runovers should be indented in the same way as other
verse lines.
  3142. where a single speech changes from
verse to prose within it (or vice versa), a new
paragraph or stanza should normally be taken in the
braille.
  3143. when a single verse line is split
between two or more speakers, each of the speakers' names
should begin in cell 3 as usual, but the speeches
for the second and subsequent speakers for that line
should begin after three spaces rather than the usual one
space.
  3144. if the line sign method rather than the
line-by-line method is used for speeches in
verse form, those speeches should be brailled as
paragraphs. line signs marking the ends of lines
should be placed after any note references or stage
directions ending those lines. line signs are
required at the ends of speeches if verse
continues for the next speaker, but not if the following
speech is in prose, or if the speech ends a
scene (even if the next scene starts as verse).
if a speech changes from verse to prose within it,
         31. dialogue, plays
the line sign should not appear at the end of the last
verse line since it would indicate that the next
line was verse also: just start a new paragraph for the
prose.
  315. when the play is line numbered, the
method given in section 33 should be used, and any
reference to cell numbers in the above sections should
accordingly be adjusted. stage directions should be
indented with the rest of the text.
  316. in transcriptions required for
liturgical purposes or use at a
performance, the points at which the reader should join in
should be clearly marked. for example, in a church
service the responses of the congregation should be
easily distinguishable. the print may have these points
marked "all": in this case the word can be
italicised at the beginning of the response just as for
play format. items such as suggested reading and the
order of service should also be clearly
differentiated from the main text. (see 493 for
fuller information.)
  317. when transcribing a complete play,
all information about copyright and about obtaining
permission for a performance should be included in the braille
edition. it should not be treated as extraneous text,
but should follow the contents page and be cited in it.
if there is no heading, a square-bracketed
         31. dialogue, plays
entry should be made on the contents page, for
example:
    [copyright] -------------------- 3
the information should start on line 3 of a new page,
and the rules about prefatory matter apply
(section 10).
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::





















              section 32
                poetry
  321. generally speaking, the line-by-line
method should be used to transcribe verse. the
basic rules of this method are explained in
british braille.
  322. the line sign method, also explained
in british braille, may be used on certain
occasions. for example, it should be used where the
verse lines are not set out on separate lines in
print, but the print instead uses a vertical or
oblique stroke to indicate the end of each verse
line. in this case the stroke in print should be
omitted in the braille. the line sign method is
generally recommended for hymn books, to save
space (see section 49). in short
magazines, where space is also at a premium,
the line sign method may be used at the discretion
of the editor.
  323. the line sign may also be used to mark
the ends of prose lines in epitaphs,
inscriptions, etc.
  324. the facsimile method of layout for
poetry may be used when blank spaces and/or
capital letters play a significant part in
shaping or punctuating the poem; and where shapes
             32. poetry
(other than conventional stanzas) are important,
as in concrete poetry.
  325. the "facsimile" method is a
modification of the line-by-line method, the
following changes, but not necessarily all, being
used:
    (a) blank lines are left between stanzas
as in print;
    (b) more than one space may be left between
words in order to convey the "shape" of the poem;
    (c) each line including the first line of a
stanza begins at the left margin (cell 1)
unless indented in print;
    (d) print indentation is copied (see
sample 325a);
    (e) lines which are too long to fit on a
single braille line have the break marked with dot 5
("facsimile hyphen"). dot 5 follows the
normal hyphen when a word has to be divided. the
runover begins two cells in from the start of the
verse line;
    (f) all capitals may be indicated
using the capital sign. contractions may be
restricted if the component letters are a mixture
of upper case and lower case (as in sample
325b).

             32. poetry
            sample 325a
"fury said to
  a mouse, that
    he met in the
      house, "let
        us both go
         to law: i
          will prose-
           cute you.--
          come, i'll
         take no de-
        nial: we
       must have
      the trial;
     for really
    this morn-
   + i've
  nothing
to do."
said the
  mouse to
   the cur,
    "such a
     trial, dear
      sir, with
       no jury
        or judge,
             32. poetry
        would
       be wast-
      + our
     breath."
    "i'll be
   judge,
  i'll be
jury,"
said
  cun-
   ning
    old
     fury;
      "i'll
       try
        the
       whole
      cause,
      and
     con-
    demn
   you to
death"."
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,



             32. poetry
            sample 325b
          MANIC depressant
SOMETIMES I'M HAPPY;
sometimes i'm sad;
SoMeTiMeSo i'More HsAaPdPally.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  326. it is generally appropriate to use a
line of 12 dot 2's as an end marker at the
end of a complete poem.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::














































              section 33
              line numbering
  331. a passage which has numbered lines in
print should likewise have line numbers in braille. the
same system of numbering as that employed in print
should be adopted, i.e. a number at every fifth
line, or at every tenth line, etc., according to the
original.
  332. the line numbers are written in cell
1 without numeral signs. at least two blank
spaces should separate the number from the start of the
line of text. the position of the text margin is
dependent upon the maximum number of digits
anticipated in the line numbering on the current
braille page. for example, on the page in which line
100 of a prose passage is reached,
paragraphs should begin in cell 8 and runovers in
cell 6.
  3321. where a line numbered passage
starts near the bottom of a braille page and no line
numbers actually appear on that braille page, the
passage should still be indented as if there were single
digit line numbers on that page.
  3322. where headings intervene in line
numbered passages they should be formatted with
respect to the normal margin if they are not part
           33. line numbering
of the passage itself, but mark a division of the book
(e.g. blank line side headings are placed in
cell 1-5). however, headings should be formatted with
respect to the indented margin if they are part of the
passage.
  3323. where one line numbered passage
ends, and a new line numbered passage begins on
the same page (possibly with the intervention of a
heading or normal cell 3-1 paragraph),
each passage should be indented separately according to the
number of digits required for its own line
numbers on that page.
  333. verse passages.
  3331. line numbers appear at the beginning
of the line on which the numbered print line begins. on
a page where none of the line numbers will exceed
two digits, each verse line should begin in cell
5, or cell 7 for a new stanza, and all
runovers in cell 9. on a page where the
maximum number of digits in a line number
is three, each verse line should begin in cell
6, or cell 8 for a new stanza, and all
runovers in cell 10, and so on.
  334. prose passages.
  3341. the line number appears at the
beginning of the braille line in which the start of the relevant
print line occurs.
           33. line numbering
  3342. the first word of a print numbered line
should be taken down on to a new braille line if it
would otherwise have to be divided at the end of the
line. similarly, a very short word that occurs at
the start of a print numbered line should not be brailled
at the extreme end of a braille line, but should be
taken down on to a new line so that there is not too
great a separation between the line number and the first word
of the relevant line.
  3343. the point at which each print line
ends may be left unmarked in most situations. but
where it is considered that an exact knowledge of which word
occurs in which line may be required, for example
in a passage on which a student will have to write a
detailed commentary, the line sign, dots
345, may be used. in such cases the following
square-bracketed note should precede the
passage: "[in the following passage, which is
in prose, the line sign is used to mark the end of
each print line.]". alternatively, words to the
same effect can be included in the note to braille
edition at the beginning of a book or volume
containing several such passages.
  3344. normally, it is the print lines which
are numbered and not the braille, and all references
to lines in the passage remain the same. but in a
comprehension test or similar situation where the
           33. line numbering
reader may have to find one short phrase within a
long passage quickly, every fifth braille line should be
numbered, and the references changed accordingly. this is the
normal practice for examination papers.
  335. mixed verse and prose
passages.
  3351. these are treated by numbering print
lines as stated in sections 3331 and
3341. the option of numbering the braille lines for the
prose, as explained in 3344, is not
available in this case since a consistent method
needs to be maintained for the entire text. this type
of text occurs frequently in shakespeare's
plays.
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::













              section 34
             parallel text
  341. alternative methods of setting out
parallel text.
  3411. where parallel columns or facing
pages are used in print for a text and the
translation of it, or in other cases where
frequent reference back and forth may have to be
made, the following methods are available in
braille:
  [note: the words "text" and "translation" are
used in these notes as a concise way of referring
to what appears on the left column or page in
print, and what appears on the right, regardless of the
actual nature of the two texts set in
parallel.]
    (a) the text is brailled on one page and the
translation on another page facing it.
    (b) the text is brailled in one volume or
set of volumes and the translation in a separate
volume or set of volumes.
    (c) the text is brailled a paragraph or
a section at a time, followed by the relevant
paragraph or section of the translation, which is
indented by two cells (paragraphs start in cell
5 and runover lines in cell 3).
          34. parallel text
    (d) reference symbols with numbers are
inserted in the text at the points opposite which
translations or comments occur. the latter are then
brailled as numbered notes at the end of the text.
  3412. the methods listed in 3411 may
also be suitable when print has a wide margin
containing translations of individual words and
phrases within a text, or for marginal notes,
commentary, or a synopsis.
  3413. method (a) is the preferred
method, as it makes it possible for readers who do
not require the translation or notes to read the
text uninterruptedly, while at the same time
making the note or the precise part of the
translation that is needed easy to find (since it will
be opposite the relevant portion of text).
  3414. method (b) also allows for
uninterrupted reading of the text without the
translation, and by having two braille volumes open
at the same time the reader can refer quite easily between
text and translation, provided there are reference
points such as line numbers to assist in finding the
place. it is particularly suitable for very long
texts, as some readers may wish to buy or
borrow only those volumes containing the text, or
only those containing the translation.
  3415. method (c) may be suitable when
          34. parallel text
parallel text occurs as a short extract,
consisting of a few verse lines or a short
paragraph of prose, within other text. but it
does not allow the reader to make easy reference
between text and translation. in longer extracts
consisting of more than one paragraph it does not
allow for uninterrupted reading either.
  3416. a variant of method (c) is
to mark off the "text" by means of brackets rather
than indentation. for example, a synopsis or
brief directions or comments appearing on the
left-hand page or column in print may be
inserted at appropriate points within the main
narrative, enclosed within square brackets. this
method requires careful editing, and should not be
used if the main text is in danger of becoming
too cluttered to be read with proper appreciation.
sample 342a shows part of a film script,
which would not have been ideal for the square-bracket
method, because it would have detracted from the reading of the
verse commentary.
  3417. method (d) requires very careful
editing, and results in a cluttered text. but it
may be appropriate where text and translation,
or text and notes, take up widely differing
amounts of space.
  3418. a variant of (d) is
          34. parallel text
to italicise words or phrases for which
translations are provided. a vocabulary is
then given at the end of the passage.
  342. facing pages.
  3421. material set out on facing pages
should be preceded by a square-bracketed note
explaining the layout (see sample 342a at
the end of this section). in computer-produced
material which is to be printed on both sides of the
sheet, a blank page may have to be left after this
note to ensure that the parallel text begins on
an even-numbered page.
  3422. print page indicators are
required both in the text and in the translation,
since they assist the reader in place-finding.
  3423. each page of a pair of facing
pages must have a page information line with print and
braille page numbers.
  3424. line 2 of the left-hand page should
contain a square-bracketed note starting in cell
3: "[to face pble--were'". supply the number
of the corresponding right-hand page. however, it is
not necessary to insert such a note when this is the general
format of a section of a book, or the format of the
whole book. in these cases the pattern should be
sufficiently well established without this
repetitive instruction.
          34. parallel text
  3425. to assist the binders, the words
"to face pble--" should also be written in pencil on
all left-hand pages in manual
transcriptions (perkins). in addition, a list of
all the pairs of facing pages that occur within the
volume should be attached to the front of the volume
when complete, to be given to the binders.
  3426. the left-hand page must have
sufficient margin on the right-hand side for binding.
no line on the left-hand page should exceed 38
cells in a perkins transcription.
  3427. when considering a pair of pages, the
one which is thought to be the fullest should be brailled first
(even if it is to be placed on the right, following
the less full page). the page thought to be less
full is then transcribed, ending at a point
corresponding with the last word that fitted on to the
facing page. several lines may have to be left
blank. if however the estimate about which page is
fullest is incorrect, and you are making a
manual transcription, the first page will have to be
scrapped and transcribed again with less text on
it.
  3428. verse lines which are too long to fit
on a single braille line should not be split by a turn
of page when transcribing on facing pages; a
line should be left blank if necessary, with the new
          34. parallel text
verse line starting at the top of a new page.
  3429. normal text resumes at the
foot of a right-hand page.
  343. separate volumes of text and
translation or commentary.
  3431. a note to braille edition should be given
at the beginning of the transcription to explain the
layout (see 107).
  3432. in a long text, dividing points
between volumes within the text and within the translation
or commentary should if possible coincide, even if
this results in volumes of very unequal length.















          34. parallel text
            sample 342a
215

               metro-land
         a script for television
          written and narrated by
            john betjeman
  note: four passages have been cut from the
original script. the deleted material is
summarized in square brackets. j.g.
  [the script is brailled on facing pages, with
vision and music on the left-hand pages, and
commentary on the right-hand pages. items from the
music column are enclosed in round
brackets.]
  [remainder of this page is left blank]











          34. parallel text
216 metro-land
  [to face p17.]
  opening title sequence ...
  close-ups: metro-land brochures ("build
a little home"--roy fox).


  children in swimming pool.



                .cc216


  jb walks up to len rawle's house.


  interior: shots of organ ("crimond"--
len rawle)



  cutaways of pipes, effects, etc.
  [remainder of this page is left blank]



          34. parallel text
216 metro-land


  john betjeman: child of the first war,
    forgotten by the second,
we called you metro-land. ...
...
  o happy outdoor life in chorleywood,
in daddy's swim-pool, while old spot
    looks on
and susan dreams of super summer hols,
                .cc216
whilst chlorinated wavelets brush the
    banks.
  o happy indoor life in chorleywood
where strangest dreams of all are
    realized,
mellifluating out from modern brick
the pipe-dream of a local man, len
    rawle,
for pipe by pipe and stop by stop he
    moved
out of the empire cinema, leicester
    square,
the mighty wurlitzer
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,

          34. parallel text
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::



























              section 41
        dictionaries, directories
          and glossaries, etc.
  411. in language dictionaries, the headword
(or entry word), which is usually in bold type in
print, should not be contracted, wherever it appears in
the definition. in other kinds of dictionary or
glossary (for example, a dictionary of
science), contractions should normally be used for
entry words.
  412. in language dictionaries, a headword
which is in bold and italicised type should also be
italicised in braille, as it usually denotes a word
which is not yet naturalised in english.
  413. in language dictionaries, if print
uses a capital letter in a headword, the braille
capital sign should be used to indicate this.
  414. in dictionaries where the standard
phonetic symbols are used in print to show the
pronunciation, the braille phonetics code should be
used in the braille. where the pronunciation is shown
by other diacritical marks, the following signs
should be used within the uncontracted word. these
special signs precede the letter to which they apply
--in this case the letter x has been used as an
example.
         41. dictionaries, etc.
    x (macron or long mark)
    xx (macron or long mark over two
letters)
    ^x (breve or short mark)
    to it (circumflex)
    bex (diaeresis)
    ,x (semi-diaeresis)
    .x (tilde)
    by it (cedilla)
    inx (dot under letter)
    "xx (tie-bar over both letters)
  4141. when only the long mark and short
mark are used in the work, it is possible to use these
signs in words brailled with contractions. however, as
stated in 411, headwords in language
dictionaries will be uncontracted whether or not this
is the case.
  4142. if the braille phonetics code is
used in the dictionary, notice of this should be made
in a note the braille edition in the first volume. if
the signs in 414 (or any additional such
signs) are used, then these should be listed on a
special symbols page in every braille volume.
  415. stress may be shown in print by the use
of a slanting line over a letter; this should be
represented in braille by preceding the letter by the accent
sign, dot 4. stress marks printed after the
         41. dictionaries, etc.
stressed syllable are represented in braille by the
equivalent number of apostrophes at that
point.
  416. when the pronunciation is indicated
by respelling (perhaps using hyphenation between
syllables), contractions may generally be used in the
braille, even directly after the hyphen.
  417. where standard parts of an entry, e.g. the
pronunciation, are uniformly italicised in the
print, this use of italics may be dispensed with in
the braille in favour of some more convenient method of
separating off the item within the entry, e.g. by adding
or using the existing punctuation. italics should,
however, be retained when indicating foreign text
or for other such special purposes, as well as
for abbreviations such as not. very. adj. etc. when so
italicised in the print.
  418. the swung dash, used in print to stand
for the headword of the entry (or any of the alternative
spellings of the headword), should be represented in
braille by dot 5 hyphen. when this sign is used, it
should be listed (in every volume) on the special
symbols page.
  419. the volume division information in the
general contents should state, in addition to the pages
within each volume, the range of entries covered
in each volume. thus, for example:
         41. dictionaries, etc.
    volume 2: p20-40 (catalogue-
      diver)
or
    volume 4: p56-79 (e-f)
etc., as appropriate. the information appearing here
in brackets should also be placed (without
brackets) after the volume number in block
two on the title page.
  4191. the volume division information headed
general contents as in 419 should be repeated in every
volume. it will not be necessary to give volume contents
pages for those volumes which only consist of
alphabetical entries.
  4110. abbreviations, special signs,
pronunciation symbols etc., should normally be
repeated at the beginning of each volume to ease
reference. if, however, the amount of this material
is excessive, an alternative is to place
all such information in a separate volume. this
volume will normally be considerably shorter than
the other main volumes.
  4111. the normal layout for dictionaries,
glossaries etc., which form an alphabetical
list of entries, is for the first word of each entry
to begin in cell 1, with all runovers beginning in
cell 3. all derivatives, which are usually
indicated by bold type in print, start a new
         41. dictionaries, etc.
line in cell 5 in braille, even though they will
normally continue on directly in the print.
(see sample 4111a below.)
           sample 4111a
addressee, not. person to whom letter etc. is
  addressed.
adduce, v.t. cite as proof or instance.
    adducible, a.
adenoids, n.pl. enlarged tissue at back
  of nose, often hindering breathing.
adept, a. thoroughly proficient. not.
  person.
adequate, a. sufficient; proportionate to
  need.
    adequacy, not.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  4112. in dictionaries, glossaries, etc.
where the entries are quite long, or more complicated, a
different method of layout may be needed. once
chosen, however, the method used must be uniform
throughout the list.
  41121. in a dictionary with encyclopaedic
entries it is often convenient to braille each entry as
an ordinary cell 3-1 paragraph, with the headword
italicised at the beginning. an alternative to this
which may be employed when the entries have
paragraphs within them, is to either centre the headword
         41. dictionaries, etc.
and braille the text beneath in ordinary paragraphs, or
else to leave a blank line between entries and begin
the new entry in cell 1.
  41122. when the above method is used, it
may be advantageous to start new paragraphs for
subentries, even though these may not be so set out
in the print.
  4113. the method of layout given in
4111 for entries (cell 1-3) and
subentries (cell 5-3), or those given in
4112-41122, may also be used for
directories and similar types of
alphabetical lists. however, the method which is
generally best when the subentries are to be referred
to quickly (as in a telephone list) is to set out
such lists in the same way as an index (section
22) with main entries beginning in cell 1,
subentries in cell 3, sub-subentries in
cell 5, etc., with all runovers indented two
cells further than the deepest subentry start.







         41. dictionaries, etc.
           sample 4113a
europe, 87y
  germany, 65r, 89r, 45t, 67t,
    56u, 78u
  italy, 34r, 46r
  spain, 21t, 78r
u.s.a., 13y (etc.)
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
4114. page information lines.
  41141. the page information line for
language dictionaries should normally be of the form:

prt pg halfwit-halt braille pg

where the hyphenated group gives the headwords of the
first and last entries covered on that page (i.e.
all or part of whose entries appear on that
page). if one headword covers the whole page
then just that word is centred (not a hyphenated
group).
  41142. the page information line for
dictionaries, etc. with longer encyclopaedic
entries should normally be of the form:

prt pg cricket braille pg

where "cricket" is the current entry on the last
         41. dictionaries, etc.
line of the page.
  41143. the page information line for
alphabetical lists which form just a part of a longer
work should normally be of the form:

prt pg directory. smith-taylor braille pg

or

prt pg directory. smi-tay braille pg

where "directory" is the title of the section, and the
hyphenated group gives the entries covered on
that page as in 41141, or as in the section on
indexes (section 22).
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::












              section 42
              textbooks
  421. this section covers a few points of
specific relevance to textbooks and related
material. the guidance given in the rest of this
manual is, of course, generally applicable.
  422. questions.
  4221. questions should generally begin in cell 3,
sub-questions in cell 5, and lower ranking questions in
cell 7 or 9, etc., according to their level. all
runovers are in cell 1. if, however, a
small number of short sub-questions are run on
directly within the main question paragraph in print,
this method may also be followed in the braille; though
where there are a larger number of sub-questions, or the
sub-questions are not short, it is best to indent them
on separate lines in the braille, as described
above.
  4222. question numbers or letters should be
followed by a full stop (whether or not present in
the print) unless they are enclosed in brackets.
question letters should always have a letter sign, even when
followed by a full stop.
  4223. when the print contains a section of
short questions, such as a list of simple arithmetic
questions in an elementary maths book, it is often
            42. textbooks
worthwhile to use a column format in order
to save space. within each column, the indentation
scheme stated in 4221 should be adhered to.
  4224. instructions preceding questions printed
entirely in italics should normally be brailled without
italics. however, special words picked out,
e.g. in bold print, should be italicised in
braille.
  4225. blanks to be completed in answering
should normally be shown by dashes in braille, whether the
print uses a dash, an ellipsis, or some
other similar device. long dashes are normally
used, although short dashes are often more convenient in
mathematical contexts and in tables.
  4226. headings to sections of questions or
exercises in a textbook should generally be
centred, independently of the overall system of
headings used in the text, just as table headings are
normally centred in this way. where the text continues
directly afterwards, 12 dot 2's may be used
to end such a section.
  423. in braille, answers to exercises should
appear in the same volume as their questions. thus where
answers to exercises is given as a separate
section at the end in the print, it should be split
into the appropriate parts, and those parts placed at
the end of the corresponding volumes. the section
            42. textbooks
should begin on line 3 of a new page.
  424. in science textbooks (including
biology, geography, etc.) it is generally
advisable that the use of capital letters in print for
diagram labels, points, and other such semi-
technical usages, be followed in braille (by using
the dot 6 capital sign). it is often the
case that such letters, or similar letters, occur in
contexts where the distinction between upper and lower case
is desirable or essential (e.g. when
mathematics code is used), so a consistent
approach to such material requires this use of the
capital sign throughout for these letters. the capital
sign is not normally required in braille for other
capital letters occurring in the text, such as question
or section letters: these should be brailled with a letter sign
according to the usual conventions of standard english braille.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::






































              section 43
              legal text
  431. general.
  4311. the special set of abbreviations for
legal text known as the law code is no longer
in general use. it may, however, be used in
exceptional circumstances, e.g. in ephemeral
or very highly specialized material
transcribed for one reader's use, if he/she
expresses a preference for law code--
provided a transcriber already familiar with the
code is available. but title pages must always
be in standard english braille.
  4312. the rules given in earlier sections
concerning title and contents pages, page information
lines, print page indicators, notes, and
other general points of layout apply equally
to legal text. but see 4332-5 and
43315 below for additional instructions about the
contents pages and page information lines of
statutes.
  4313. it will often be necessary in law books
to repeat the volume division information (i.e. the
first part of the general contents (see section 7--
at the beginning of each volume, to assist the reader
in following up cross-references. in books with
           43. legal text
continuously numbered paragraphs this is always the
case, and the numbers of the first and last paragraphs
contained in each volume should be given in addition
to print page numbers.
  4314. in a law book with numbered
paragraphs the current paragraph number should be
included on the page information line, e.g.

       1. the scope of the act. 15

when the last line of the page contains text from
chapter 1, the scope of the act, paragraph
15.
  4315. where case titles stating the
litigants such as "davies very. evans" are
italicised, the italics should be ignored in
braille. in such circumstances, where print reverts
to ordinary type for the "v" or "very." it should be
italicised in the braille to show the distinction. (see
paragraph 073 and british braille
542.). italics are also disregarded in case
references consisting of only one of the parties.
descriptive titles or sub-titles
to cases printed in italics should be italicised
in braille. latin phrases such as "ex parte" and
"in re" should be italicised only if
differentiated in print from the surrounding text.
           43. legal text
  4316. in references to acts, you should follow
print in using the abbreviation "can." for "chapter".
a space should be left between the stop and the chapter
number.
  4317. in references to the subdivisions of
sections within an act, a space should be left before
opening brackets, e.g. "section 12 (2)
(f)".
  4318. law reports often have reference
letters down the margin. these should be brailled in the left
margin, and letter signs can be omitted (c.f. line
numbers, section 33). paragraphs should start in
cell 6 and runovers in cell 4 (leaving a
margin of three cells all down the page).
  432. tables of cases; tables of
statutes.
  4321. a table of cases or of statutes
is laid out with each main entry starting in cell
1. if there are no subentries, runovers should
be in cell 3. otherwise, indent the
subdivisions to cells 3, 5, etc., as on a
contents page, with all runovers starting two
cells to the right of the most deeply indented
subdivision. in tables of statutes, the year should
be centred to save having to have too many degrees of
indentation, e.g.

           43. legal text

occupiers' liability act (5 & 6 eliz.
      2, c. 31)
  s$2 (1): 186
    (2): 186
housing act ...

  4322. if there is a gap or a series of
dots in print to separate entries from textual
references, a colon is inserted at the end of the
last word in braille, and the numbers follow after one
space.
  4323. whether references consist of print
page numbers or of paragraph numbers, the
editor or transcriber must ensure that the
volume division information is given at the beginning
of any volume containing a table of cases or
statutes, or the continuation of such a table (see
4313 above).
  4324. the page information lines of tables of
cases should contain finding letters (the first three letters
of the first and last cases to appear on the braille
page, written without a letter sign and without
contractions, and separated by a hyphen). for cases
beginning "rather. very. ...", you should braille "rather."
followed by one space, then the first three letters of the
defendant's name, instead of the three letter group.
           43. legal text
e.g.

      table of cases. rather. cor-rather. lon

  433. statutes and statutory instruments,
etc.
  4331. a statute or statutory instrument
should have a title page in the same way as any
other book or pamphlet. the title page
begins with the following items:
          name and date of statute
         (or statutory instrument)
                chapter
then proceed according to the instructions in section 3
(title page).
  4332. arrangement of sections should be laid
out like a contents page (see section 7). the
full stop at the end of each entry in the print
should be omitted. instead, there should be the normal
leading lines and page numberggs). in statutes that
take up only a single braille volume, the heading
"arrangement of sections" (or however headed in
print) should be retained, rather than using "contents";
and the combined contents format (see 74) stating both
print page and braille page numbers for each
section should be used (even though print page
numbers are generally absent in the print table).
           43. legal text
  4333. if a statute takes up more than
one braille volume, the whole of the arrangement of
sections should be given at the beginning of volume
1, in the form of a general contents. this begins as
usual with a key to volume divisions, as
described in section 7, and gives the print
page numbers (even if absent in the print
table). there should also be a volume contents in each
braille volume, which will again be based on the
arrangement of sections, but will have braille page
numbers. in multi-volume statutes the general
contents should be headed "arrangement of sections"
(or however headed in print) and the volume contents
should be headed "contents".
  4334. where a table of contents is given in
print for part of the statute at the beginning of that part
(rather than at the beginning of the statute as a whole),
this information should be incorporated into the
appropriate volume contents (or combined
contents), but not the general contents.
  4335. the arrangement of sections or
contents should be set out as follows: each numbered
section should start in cell 1, with runovers in
cell 3. "part i", etc, should be centred, and
likewise the name of the part. subheadings within the part
should be treated in the same way. italics in
centred headings should be retained. the schedules (if
           43. legal text
any) are treated as terminal items and should start
in cell 5.
  4336. the first page of text starts on
line 3 with the full title of the statute, including
the chapter number. the preamble (a summary of the
act) and the declaration are brailled as paragraphs,
and the date in square brackets appears on a
line alone ending in the last cell.
  4337. the marginal heading usually given
to each section is brailled after the section number and a
full stop, in italics. the dash between the section
number and the subsection number is brailled at the
end of the marginal heading, and the first subsection (or
the text, if there are no subsections) follows
on immediately.
  4338. main section numbers start in cell
3, subsections (bracketed numbers) in cell
5, paragraphs (bracketed letters) in cell
7, and sub-paragraphs (bracketed roman
numbers) in cell 9. all runovers are in
cell 1. where the text resumes on a new
line after two or more indented paragraphs ending with a
semicolon or a comma, it is put in cell
1.
  4339. a proviso within a section etc.
(shown as a new line in print and usually starting
with the words "provided that") is done as a
           43. legal text
paragraph in cell 3. similarly with a series
of definitions where each one begins on a new line
in print.
  43310. quoted sections, subsections,
etc., are treated as in 4338, above, as
regards indentation. quotation marks must be reopened
at the beginning of each section, paragraph,
etc., within a quoted passage. in a quoted
section which has a marginal note, the quote is
placed before the section number. definitions within a
quoted section will be in inner quotes. in a
series of definitions, each one will therefore begin with
an outer and an inner quote.
  43311. marginal notes giving the title
of a statute or statutory instrument are put in
square brackets immediately following the reference in
the text. any punctuation following the reference
should come before the note.
  43312. print should be closely followed in
statutes, and punctuation should not be altered. but a
sequence containing bracketed numbers and letters, which
are written close together in print, should be spaced
in braille (see 4317 above).
  43313. lines of 12 colons or other
markers are not used to end parts or their
subdivisions. centred headings in statutes should be
italicised in braille if italics are shown in
           43. legal text
print. there is no need to reopen italics before
each line of a long centred heading.
  43314. schedules start on a fresh page
for the first one, and 12 centred colons separate
schedule from schedule. the marginal note at the
beginning should be enclosed in square brackets and
centred on the line below the schedule number. some
schedules comprise a table, the columns of which are
too long to be set out in like fashion in braille. in
that case, the first column should start in cell 1,
the second one in cell 3, and the third one in
cell 5, with all runovers in cell 7. (it
is uncommon to have more than three columns but, in
the event, the runovers may be indented further).
such a table should start with a square-bracketed
introductory note giving the column headings:
an example follows.
          sample 43314a
              schedule 9
            [section 154]
                repeals
  [the table below has three headings: "chapter"
starts in cell 1, "short title" in cell
3, and "extent of repeal" in cell 5.]

12, 13 & 14 geo. 6. c. 101.
  justices of the peace act 1949.
           43. legal text
    section 15 (1), (2), (3), (7),
      (8) & (9).
15 & 16 geo. 6 ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  43315. page information lines in statutes
do not require the title of the statute or of the
part. the information message consists of the numbers or
letters of the first and last section, subsection, etc.,
to appear in whole or in part on the page. the two
references are connected by a hyphen, brackets
around numbers are ignored, and roman numbers
are converted to arabic. for example:
           21a2-23b
(for a page starting with text from section 2,
subsection (1), paragraph (a), sub-
paragraph (ii) and ending with section 2,
subsection (3), paragraph (b).) quoted
paragraphs do not count for the purposes of page
information lines.
  433151. if relevant, the word "part"
or "sched." is placed before the reference numbers.
a full stop and a space separate the part number
or schedule number from the following sequence. if
a schedule has parts, then the schedule number and
part number appear in one sequence. for example:
        sched. 21. 131-133
(schedule 2, part i, section 13, sub-
           43. legal text
sections (1) to (3).)
  433152. where the schedule or schedule part
changes on a braille page, "sched." and the schedule
number and part number should be stated after the hyphen
in the page information message. e.g.
     sched. 2. 123-sched. 3. 23
(schedule 2, section 12, subsection (3),
to schedule 3, section 2 subsection (3--;
or
     sched. 21. 12-sched. 22. 3
(schedule 2, part i, section 12, to schedule
2, part ii, section 3)
  433153. where section or subsection
numbers have letters attached, e.g. (8a), use
this form on the page information line, even though there
is a potential ambiguity with paragraph letters
such as (a). e.g.
           48ab-49a
(section 4, subsection (8a), paragraph
(b), to section 4, subsection (9a--
  433154. where notes are included at the
end of sections (sometimes in smaller type), the
page information line can reflect this accordingly. e.g.
       part 2. 234a-23 notes
(part ii, section 23, subsection (4),
paragraph (a), to section 23 notes)
  the number given with "notes" is the section to which
           43. legal text
they apply, not including the last subsection
divisions.
  433155. if the page information line would be
too long stating all the subsection levels, then
the lowest levelggs) of subsections should be
omitted on the affected pages.
  434. legal forms and documents. (see
also section 55 for general guidance on
transcribing forms.)
  4341. very often, each item of a form or
document can be paragraphed, rather than the print
layout being followed. if items are set out in
parallel, care may need to be exercised
to determine the most helpful order in which to present
them. blank spaces to be filled in are shown in
braille by a spaced long dash. omitted digits
may be shown by a single dot 3 or, if it is
clear from the print how many digits are missing,
by the appropriate number of dot 3's. a
signature on the right should end in the last cell
of a line. italics may be used for words printed
in capitals.
  4342. each document or form should start on
line 3 of a new page, and should terminate with 12
centred colons.
  4343. it may be necessary to indicate the turn
of print page even though pages are not numbered
           43. legal text
in print, because of wording such as "refer to the notes
on the following page", etc. in this case use the
dot 5, dots 2-5, dots 3-4-5-6
sign as a centred print page indicator, without
giving a page number after the numeral sign.
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::


















































              section 44
          special braille codes
  441. the following braille codes are available
on request from rnib. these are essential when
transcribing in the particular subject areas, and
explain the correct coding and any special
points of layout to be followed. [bauk]
indicates that the code is produced and
authorised by the braille authority of the united
kingdom.
    braille mathematics notation 1987
[bauk]
    braille science notation 1989 [bauk]
    braille computer notation 1996 [bauk]
    braille chess code and layout 1994
[bauk]
    braille music primer--part 1 and part 2
(based on the revised international manual of
braille music notation 1956)
    french
    german
    italian
    spanish
    russian
    classical greek
    welsh braille code--braille cymraeg 1995
        44. special braille codes
[bauk]
    (ffvarious other foreign languages)
    old and middle english
    phonetics
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::























              section 45
        text in foreign languages
  451. in general, the occasional foreign word
or phrase in an english book is brailled according
to the rules of standard english braille using the dot 4
sign to indicate accents. however, for foreign
language grammar books, dictionaries,
books which are entirely in a foreign language
or have substantial sections or extracts in a
foreign language, etc., the appropriate
foreign language code should be used as listed in
section 44. the current section gives some
general guidance concerning this case, although reference
should be made to the individual code for specific
rules. (see also british braille.)
  452. the braille codes with contractions (e.g.
french, german) were drawn up to be a subset
of the country's respective braille code; i.e.
we are employing only a few of their conventions,
in order to save space and reading time, whilst
avoiding the necessity to master an entirely new
code. [it should be noted that alterations to the
different countries' braille codes over time have
meant that the codes may diverge in some
respects, and future updates to the codes will
be desirable. however, for the purposes of
     45. text in foreign languages
transcription, the foreign language codes
issued by rnib should be used whether or not any such
divergence exists, unless an instruction is
issued to the contrary.]
  453. french, german, italian,
spanish.
  4531. punctuation signs: the following
list of signs applies to french, german,
italian and spanish.
  [in the following the "for" sign has been used
as the dot locator symbol, but is not part of the
sign.]
    for capital sign
    for italic sign
    _for double italic sign in spanish and
german
    confor double italic sign in french and
italian
    enfor query
    infor asterisk
    'for abbreviation point and apostrophe
  4532. the languages mentioned above do not have
a letter sign, therefore roman numerals are
written without the letter sign.
  4533. the abbreviation point is used in
abbreviations in place of the sdde.b. full stop,
although both signs are needed at the end of a
     45. text in foreign languages
sentence.
  4534. contrary to sdde.b. practice, the
capital sign is used in foreign language
codes wherever a capital letter occurs. a series
or double capital sign is not used (in uk
transcriptions) in the french, german, italian
or spanish codes, so full capitals are
often indicated by replacing them with italics or,
in the case of headings, simply with initial
capitals.
  4535. the italic sign (or double
italic sign) and capital sign must not occur
on the same word: the italic sign is
sufficient. however, the capital sign must be
used on a word which is in italics but which does not
carry the italic sign:
    "conj'ai visitfor paris pour la
      premithere fois en 1990".
  4536. where speeches are indicated by dash
marks (for example, the french "tiret" and the
spanish "gui@on"), dot 6 hyphen is used
for an opening quote mark, and dot 3 hyphen is
used for a closing quote mark. note that the latter
may be absent, and should only be used in braille where
a closing mark is shown in print. these signs should
be brailled unspaced from the word beginning or ending the
quote, as with english speech marks. the tiret
     45. text in foreign languages
or gui@on need to be distinguished from normal
dashes. where a dash appears with a similar sense
to english usage (e.g. a conjunctive dash), the
normal dash sign, dots 3-F3-6, should be
used.
  4537. the thousands comma is sometimes
indicated by a space in print, and this is
replaced by dot 3 in braille.
  454. unit abbreviations. unit
abbreviations are written according to print. usually they
follow the number or numbers to which they refer, with
or without a full stop.
  455. bilingual text. with reservations,
both codes of a bilingual text may be used, as
long as caution is exercised so that the reader is in
no doubt as to which language he is reading.
certain guidelines are outlined here.
  4551. in a book which is almost entirely in
a foreign language the title page and contents
page should be, as far as possible, brailled in the
code of that language (but see 36). hence the
words "contents", "chapter", "page" and "continued"
should be translated, unless the book is
annotated or has a commentary in english.
(however, if the correct idioms cannot be
ascertained, the english equivalents may be
substituted.)
     45. text in foreign languages
  4552. the basic way in which the foreign
language accented letters or special characters are
used in english text is to precede any word
containing such a letter character by the dots 5-6 sign, and
not to use contractions in that word. however, for the
majority of grammar books, dictionaries,
etc., the necessity for using the dots 5-6
sign is avoided by using italicisation,
punctuation or layout to distinguish between the
languages. in grammar books it is often the
case that the foreign language is italicised in
print, in which case braille can follow suit, using the
foreign italic sign. alternatively the
foreign phrase or its translation may be
indented to make the distinction; and in vocabulary
lists, it is sufficient to use punctuation, such
as a colon, between the word and its translation. one
should normally avoid using italics together with one
of the other methods, for the purpose of distinction: the
italicisation can usually be dropped in the braille. in
longer passages where the use of the code is
clear, or for an entire work, there is again no
need to use dots 5-6 signs. in particular, the
dots 5-6 sign would not be used on the title
page or contents page described in 4551.


     45. text in foreign languages
            sample 455a
lforgume (from'): vegetable
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  4553. for old english texts using the
special characters in the old english code, old
english words, phrases or titles in
accompanying notes or commentaries should uniformly
be regarded as being brailled in the old english code
(even if no special character happens to appear in
a particular word), and thus these should be
uncontracted. any such word containing a special
character should be preceded by the dots 5-6 sign if no
other means is sufficient to distinguish it from
ordinary grade 2 braille. as stated in 4552,
dots 5-6 signs will not be required for this
purpose for the old english source passage or
text itself.
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::










              section 46
           music publications
  461. this section gives a few points
concerning the general layout of braille music
publications in as far as it differs from the usual
layout for books and pamphlets, etc. if
nothing is mentioned in this section to the contrary, the
guidance given elsewhere in this manual should be
adhered to in such matters. it is, of course,
essential that the rules and methods of the braille
music code are adhered to in any music
transcription.
  462. the copyright notice should be included
separately in the braille, even if it means
repeating information given elsewhere, for example, in
the publisher's details on the title page. the
copyright notice should normally be placed at the
top of an extension title page, and be brailled as
a paragraph. the wording in the print should be
followed.
  463. where a book contains non-standard
notation, this must be explained in a note to braille
edition.
  464. 12 dot 2's should be used
to terminate different pieces of music within one
section if a heading is not present.
         46. music publications
  465. notes to the ordinary text should be
treated as in section 21. notes included on a
page of music should be placed in braille at the end
of the print page on which they occur, not at the end
of the whole piece. in this case, the notes are
separated from the music by a blank line, as in
21252 (the indentation method is not used), but
it is not necessary to leave a blank line after the
notes in this case, since they will always be followed
by the print page indicator before the music
continues.
  466. when hymns or songs are
transcribed with their music, the verses should be
set out using a special music format, rather than
using the methods of section 32 or 492. when
hymns or songs are transcribed without music,
the standard poetry layout of section 32 (or
492 for books of hymns) should, however, be used
as usual.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::








              section 47
               articles
  471. this section deals with articles from
newspapers, magazines, etc. transcribed as
separate leaflets. the format given here is
intended to serve as a model, but if print uses
a different format which is equally satisfactory
then that style may be followed instead, in full or
in part.
  472. no title page or contents page
is required. start with the title of the article
centred on line 3, followed by the author centred
on the next line. next state the source and
date of the article in a square bracketed
paragraph. it is useful to give this information at
the start of the article whatever the position in print.
  473. the page information line should state the
article title (except for the first page) and braille
page number, but it is normally unnecessary to give
print page numbers. similarly, print page
indicators are usually not required.
  474. an introductory descriptive
paragraph at the beginning set in different type
in print should be brailled as an italicised
paragraph.
  475. captions to pictures can generally be
             47. articles
omitted unless they are particularly informative,
in which case they may be inserted in square
brackets starting "[illustration caption: ...".
it is generally best to place such information between
appropriate paragraphs, although there may be
occasions where an insertion within a paragraph will be more
satisfactory.
  476. proper headings are treated in the
normal way (section 12), but eye-catching
words or phrases appearing as headings but not serving
as such should be disregarded. if the initial centred
title (and author) of the article is followed
directly by a centred section title, the latter
should be preceded by a centred line of 12 colons
as a separator. the line of colons is not needed
otherwise, e.g. if there is an intervening
paragraph giving the source.
  477. biographical details of the author
may be placed at the end of the article after a
centred line of 12 dot 2's.
  478. notes, if any, should be treated as
end of volume notes (see section 21),
starting on line 3 of a new page. give page
and line references as usual, unless the notes
consist of titles etc. which have more than one point of
reference in the article. a bibliography or
similar section which is not referenced in the article
             47. articles
can follow on directly at the end of the article
without starting a new page.
  479. end the article with a line of 12
centred colons. both the article and the notes
section end with 12 centred colons if a note
section starting on a separate page is
present.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::
















































              section 48
               leaflets
  481. the normal "book format" for title
pages, contents pages and prefatory matter
etc. stated in sections 3, 4, 7, 10 and
11, may also be applied to the transcription of
leaflets. this approach is particularly suitable
for longer leaflets and similar documents,
especially if they require more than one braille
volume. a more suitable approach for short
leaflets and documents is to transcribe the
leaflet continuously, without breaking to start new
sections on new pages. the following gives
guidance on the latter method.
  482. the general order in which information is
presented in the print should normally be followed in
the braille, although it will be necessary to impose an order in
some cases where the print does not present the
information sequentially. it is, however, important
that the title be given first, and a contents table
appearing at the end in print should normally be moved
to the beginning.
  483. start of document. the
transcription begins on line 3 (line 1
carrying the braille page number 1 in the right-hand
cells). the title and any sub-title should be
             48. leaflets
centred together with the name of the author (or originating
body), if given at this point in print. the
title and author should be separated by a line stating
"by", or "issued by", etc., or which may just
be left blank, as appropriate.
  4831. when leaflet format is used for
documents which occupy more than one braille volume, the
title and author should be followed by a centred line
stating "volume 1 of 2", or "volume 2 of
2", etc., as appropriate.
  484. publisher's information. a longer
statement of the source, e.g. giving the full
publisher's details, should be brailled as one or more
paragraphs following the wording given in the print.
this should normally be placed after the title, author
and volume number (if present) if it occurs
at or near the beginning of the leaflet in print, or
at the end of the leaflet if it appears at or
near the end of the leaflet in print. this information should
include publication dates and the isbn number,
if present; but information relating to the printing,
photography, and other design features of the
print should normally be omitted.
  4841. if this information is placed at the
beginning of the leaflet it should follow the title,
author and volume number (if present)
directly; if placed at the end of the leaflet it
             48. leaflets
should normally follow after a separator: a centred
line of 12 colons, or a centred line of 12
dot 2's, or a blank line will normally be
satisfactory, depending on the use or
non-use of separators in the rest of the leaflet.
a separating line should also normally be used between this
information and following text--12 colons are
appropriate at the start of the text.
            sample 484a


            places to visit
              peterborough
           (and within 25 miles)

  tourist information centre, 45 bridge street,
peterborough, pe1 1ha. tel.
(0733(317336.
             ::::::::::::
              peterborough
            a city for all time
  from the dinosaur to the development corporation--
peterborough really is a city for all time. ...
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  4842. if the leaflet proceeds
directly from the title (author and volume
number, if present) to the main text of the
             48. leaflets
leaflet, a line of separators is required
after the title, author and volume number when the
text begins with a centred section heading, but may be
dispensed with otherwise. a centred line of 12
colons is appropriate for this purpose.
  4843. extraneous matter. brief
extraneous matter may be included before the
contents (if present), although more substantial
items should, if necessary, be moved so as to follow the
contents, and should be cited in it. when untitled
extraneous text is current at the end of a
page, the page information line should state the title
of the leaflet, rather than being left blank, as is
done in books.
  485. contents. if a contents table is
present in print a volume contents table should
normally be given in braille (stating braille page
numbers). it may be desirable to give a
volume contents table even if there is none in
print when the leaflet is fairly long and has
several sections. the contents table follows on
directly after the preceding text, which may be the
title or publisher's information (483,
484), or brief extraneous text which may
follow those items (4843). the contents does
not specially start a new page, but should normally
be separated from the preceding text by a line of 12
             48. leaflets
colons, or a line of 12 dot 2's, or a
blank line.
  4851. the contents should be set out using the
method for volume contents in books (see
section 7), except that the line containing the
headings "chapter" and "braille page" following the
heading "contents" should normally be omitted in this
case. (however, it may sometimes be advantageous
to include a column heading such as "section" in
order to avoid excessive repetition in the
entries.) only braille page numbers need be
cited. end the contents with a centred line of 12
colons.
  4852. there may be occasions where it is
desirable to give a combined contents table citing
both print and braille page numbers (see 74),
but this is not normally the case when using this leaflet
format, even when a contents table is given in
print.
  4853. when a document occupies more than
one volume, each volume should have a volume
contents, but a general contents is not normally
included when using leaflet format.
  4854. if a synopsis is present in the
print contents, it should be included in the braille
contents when using leaflet format.
  486. main text. the remainder of the text
             48. leaflets
then follows on directly, without taking new
pages for items which may be identified as
prefatory matter or main text. there is no
"start of text" format (as described in section
11) in which the title is repeated.
  487. print page indicators should normally
be used where applicable (see section 8). the first
print page indicator should be placed after the
titlestauthorstsource information (after the colons
if present), i.e. not on line 3 of the first
page. page information lines follow the usual
format (section 9).
  488. braille producer information. the name of the
braille producer should normally be included on
leaflets which are to be made publicly
available, as well as on more substantial
leaflets; although on specially commissioned work there
is often a requirement for it to be omitted. this
is normally placed as the final item, separated
from the preceding text by a centred line of 12
colons, or a centred line of 12 dot 2's,
or a blank line. it is useful to include the
year of transcription as well. this ends with a line
of 12 colons (without the subscript "the end").
the braille producer information follows the print
publisher information if placed at this point.

             48. leaflets
            sample 488a
  produced by royal national institute for the blind,
peterborough. registered charity no. 226227.
1995.
             ::::::::::::
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            sample 488b
            (for work produced
          by rnib volunteers)
  transcribed by the volunteers group for royal
national institute for the blind, peterborough.
registered charity no. 226227. 1995.
             ::::::::::::
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  4881. if the leaflet originates with the
braille producer then this information may either be placed
in the paragraph at the beginning of the leaflet
(484), or in the paragraph at the end, but there
should normally be no need for it to be repeated.
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::




































              section 49
      hymn books and service books
  491. in general, the usual book format
conventions for title pages, contents pages,
print page indicators, etc. apply. this
section deals with special features requiring
modifications or additions to these methods.
  492 hymn books.
  4921. where possible it should be the aim
to make volume divisions so that the volume
coverage of hymns is in "round numbers",
e.g. 1-39, 40-79, etc. however, where there
are subsections (e.g. easter, christmas,
etc.), it is more important to try to divide
volumes in accordance with the latter. the range of
hymns in each volume should be stated in the
volume division information in the general contents in
addition to the page numbers (if present). thus
entries will be of the form "volume 2: p45-60
(hymns 30-50)", or "volume 2: hymns
30-50".
  4922. the religious contractions should no
longer be used.
  4923. the page information line should state the
section title (if any), followed after a stop
by the number of the hymn starting on that page. two
           49. hymn books
or more such numbers should be a hyphenated group. it
should not state the number of a hymn running over from
the previous page unless there are no hymn starts
on that page; in that case state the runover hymn
number followed by his(cont.)".
  49231. if a multi-volume book is
presented in ring binders the page information line should
also state the volume number (e.g. v1, v2,
etc.) in brackets before the section title (if
present). this is to allow easy replacement of
pages after removal. where there is lack of
space the inclusion of volume numbers takes
precedence over the inclusion of section titles.
  4924. each hymn should start with its number
centred.
  4925. apart from copyright material (see
4929), extraneous information relating to the
hymn should generally be placed in round brackets and
brailled as a paragraph. information preceding the hymn
in print which would be unnecessarily obstructive
for the braille reader (who needs be able to locate the
start of the hymn quickly), should normally be placed
at the end of the hymn in braille. however, information which
needs to be read before singing should be placed before the
hymn whatever the position in print.
  4926. hymns should generally be transcribed
using the line sign method, rather than the line-by-
           49. hymn books
line method of transcription, for compactness. this
applies to books of hymns, but not to individual
hymns in other contexts where compactness is not such
an issue. in the latter case the usual line-
by-line method for verse should be used. if verses
are numbered, the number should start in cell 3,
followed by a full stop (unless print uses some
other suitable punctuation mark), with the first line of the
verse following on the same line. if the number
of the first verse is omitted in print (although other
verse numbers are given), it should nevertheless be
inserted in braille to aid the reader.
  4927. print should generally be followed in
italicising refrains and choruses, or if it
uses some other acceptable device (e.g. inserting
the explicit instruction "chorus"). an
explanation of the use of italics in this way should be
included in a note to braille edition in volume 1,
if print does not already do so.
  4928. hymns should be separated from each
other by a line of 12 colons: this is preferable
to 12 dot 2's since it is a more distinctive
mark when scanning pages quickly for hymn starts.
section headings can usually be centred at the beginning
of their sections without additional separators.
  4929. copyright information belonging to hymns
should generally be collected into a separate section
           49. hymn books
in braille, either as a prefatory item in the first
volume or as a terminal item in the last
volume. this is done so as to leave the main body
of the hymn book less cluttered and easier
to refer to.
  493. service books.
  4931. books for church services may
contain various types of text in different print
styles corresponding to: what the leader says
or sings; what the congregation says or sings;
instructions such as "sit" or "stand"; other
information. these cases generally need to be distinguished
in braille if distinguished in print, although where the sense
is sufficiently clear the distinction may be
dispensed with if it is not easily indicated in
braille.
  4932. braille should follow the conventions used in
print where possible, e.g. where print uses
square bracketed notes or italics, but if
print uses some other method such as a change of
typeface or colour, then a different method
must be devised for the braille. it is not necessary to impose
the style used for transcribing plays (section
31) for text of that type.
  4933. the main methods which can be used in
braille to distinguish sections of text are (a) use
of italics (e.g. to italicise all
           49. hymn books
responses by the congregation); (b) insertion of
square bracketed notes before the relevant
items (e.g. [all], [priest]); (c)
enclosing the relevant section of text in round
or square brackets; (d) insertion of a
special mark such as an asterisk or dagger before
the relevant items. which methodggs) to use will
depend on the number of different cases which need
to be covered, and the style used in the rest of the
print. brackets should not normally be used
to enclose speeches, but are more appropriate for
distinguishing instructions, etc. if any such convention
is introduced which is not self-explanatory, a
note to braille edition should be given at the beginning of the
book to explain the method used in the
transcription.
  4934. it is generally only necessary to use one
method to distinguish different types of text in the
braille. for example, if lines to be spoken by all
are both preceded by the word "all" as well as being
in bold print, the former indication should be
sufficient, and the bold print can be ignored. if,
however, in this case there are other places in the
text where the word "all" is not present, it will be
necessary to retain the indication of bold print in some
way (e.g. by italicising), and in general this
indication will have to be followed throughout for consistency
           49. hymn books
(as well as inserting the word "all" where present in
print).
  4935. where speeches are preceded by the
speaker's name, the speaker's name can generally start in
cell 3, with the speech following after a colon or
other punctuation mark if present in print. the
speaker's name may be italicised in braille for
clarity, unless italics are to be used for some
other reason in the text (4933) which would lead
to confusion. where a speaker's name is required before
a line or lines in the middle of a verse, it will
generally be best still to start the speaker's name in cell
3 as if it were a new verse, so that it is
easily located.
  4936. passages set out as verse in
print should be set out as verse in braille using the line
for line method. the first line normally follows the
speaker's name (if present), otherwise in cell
3 of a separate line. it is often the case that
new lines are not marked by a capital letter in
print, and care may need to be taken in deciding
which lines are continuations of the previous line (and so
can run on in the braille), and which should be treated as
genuine new lines. where the separation of passages
into separate lines seems tenuous, this format can be
ignored in the braille and the passage brailled as an
ordinary continuous paragraph. it should be noted that
           49. hymn books
reading line for line text is more disruptive for the
braille reader than for the sighted reader.
  4937. it is sometimes difficult to distinguish
lines which are headings to following text, from lines which
simply state an item of the service. in these
circumstances it is generally best to treat both
cases in the same way, which is satisfactory
for either meaning; e.g. use a side heading format for
both, rather than a centred heading format which would be
inappropriate for the second case.
  494. pointing.
  4941. this refers to special marks such as
dots or vertical bars used to indicate
phrasing in chants, etc. asterisks or daggers
used in this context can be transcribed directly
with the standard braille signs.
  4942. a vertical indicates the point
at which the reciting note is quitted and is shown
in print as a short vertical line or a
central dot. this should be represented in braille by a
dot 5 joined to the preceding word. where it occurs in
the middle of a word, any hyphen inserted in the
print should be omitted and the word should be brailled as an
unspaced sequence with the dot 5 inserted at the
appropriate point. see samples 494a
and b.
  4943. a bar line, shown in print by a
           49. hymn books
long vertical line, is represented in braille
by dot 6 joined to the following word. see sample
494b.
  4944. dot 5 and dot 6 contractions should
be avoided where they could be misread as verticals
and bar lines respectively. in such cases,
however, alternative contractions may still be
possible. for example, in sample 494b. the
contraction tion is used instead of ation in the
word "salvation" to avoid the ambiguous dot 6.
lower wordsigns such as "be" "were" "his"
"was" "enough" "in" can still be used when preceded
by a dot 6 (representing the bar line), or when
followed by a dot 5 (representing a
vertical). this also applies to lower wordsigns which
are only used adjoining the word that follows, e.g.
"to" "into" "by": the dot 5 or dot 6 can
appear between the lower wordsign and the word that follows.
  4945. a colon indicates the end of the
half-verse. this is represented in braille by a
colon, and should be unspaced from the preceding word
however shown in print. see samples 494a and
b.
  4946. a tie indicates that two
syllables are to be sung at the same pitch, and
is shown in print as a curved line over the
relevant syllables. this is represented in braille
           49. hymn books
by enclosing the relevant syllables in quotes.
see sample 494a.
  4947. a double or triple dot (or
more) above the text is used in print where one
syllable requires two or more notes of the
chant. this is shown in braille by inserting the relevant
number of dot 3's after the relevant part of the
word. where the dots are clearly meant to relate
to a vowel the dot 3's should be brailled after the
vowel. where the dots are over a consonant, the
dot 3's should be brailled after the syllable which contains
the consonant, or after the word where it is a one-
syllable word. contractions should not be used where only
one letter or part of the contraction is meant to be
sung over several notes, e.g. "every''very"
(e); "thou''ght" (thought). see sample
494c.
  4948. where stress is shown in print by a
sign other than the long or short sign (e.g.
a slanting line above the relevant syllable), it
is represented in braille by the accent sign, dot
4. the dot 4 should be placed before the letter or
syllable to be stressed. see sample 494d.
            sample 494a
  wash me thoroughly f. mine ini8quity": and.
cleanse me from my sins.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
           49. hymn books
            sample 494b
  1. o come, let us sing Unto. the Lord: let
us make a joyful noise to the Rock of Our
salVation.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            sample 494c
be thou our guardian, thou'' our guide;
o'er every''very thou''ght and ste''p preside.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
            sample 494d
  the @lord is my @shepherd;
there is @nothing i shall @want.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::














              section 51
               recipes
  511. recipes should be set out clearly so that
comments, ingredients and method are all distinguishable
from one another. in a collection of recipes,
precise layout will vary from book to book
depending on the print, but some guidelines are
given here.
  512. the name of the recipe is centred on one
or more lines, together with the number of servings, if
present. ingredients are written each on a
separate line starting in cell 5 with runovers in
cell 7.
  513. headings such as "ingredients" and
"method" are treated as side headings (see
section 12). the use of italics and of
punctuation at the end of the heading may follow
print.
  514. the method is set out as normal
paragraphs, numbered or unnumbered, according
to print.
  515. a comment at the foot of a recipe may
be spaced by a blank line, in order to separate
it from the method, etc. a blank line is not necessary
if the separation is already clear by some other means
(e.g. if it has a heading).
             51. recipes
  516. pictures and photographs are
omitted, as are references to them, where possible.
however, where the wording of a reference is integral to the
text (e.g. "you will see from the picture
opposite ..."), the reference is retained and
followed by a square bracketed note saying "not
reproduced".
  517. in a recipe book, if the names of
recipes do not appear in an index, then they should
generally be included in the volume contents, even
if this makes the contents table long. this is to help
make the individual recipes easily
accessible.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::














              section 52
            knitting patterns
  521. the layout of knitting patterns should
generally be based on the style of the print. it is not
possible to give comprehensive rules about headings
and paragraphing, etc. since print varies
greatly in these respects: each case should be
treated on its merits in accordance with the guidance
given in the rest of this manual.
  522. print abbreviations are retained in the
braille, even if they conflict with the rules of grade
2 contractions: thus, knowledge for knit, people for purl,
still (contracted) for stitch are all permissible;
tog for together and beg for begin, etc.
(uncontracted), should also be used even though they
save no space in braille. all of these are brailled
without letter signs, and with or without stops according to print.
  523. if a list of abbreviations is given
at the beginning of the pattern, each entry of the list
starts on a new line, and a blank line follows
the list unless it is followed by a heading.
  524. asterisks indicating repetition should be
spaced on both sides.
  525. diagrams indicating patterns to be
knitted with different colours may be brailled in
paragraph form, each new paragraph explaining
         52. knitting patterns
the pattern for one row. rows shown on diagrams
are knitted alternately right-to-left then
left-to-right, etc.: the information should be given in
this knitting order when transcribing, and this point
should be explained in a square bracketed note
before starting the diagram, together with an explanation
of the general method used in the braille. the information can
be presented in the following form, where a, b and
c are letters used in the print to indicate different
colours according to symbols shown on the diagram, and
numbers (after the initial row number) indicate
the stitch numbers. the row here is row 7:
  7. 1-7: a; 8-9: b; 10-23: c;
24-25: b; 26-40: a; 41-42: b;
43-56: c; 57-58: b; 59-65: a.
  5251. such a chart may also show shaping with
reduced row lengths. in this case the same numbering
of grid squares is retained, but rows may start
with a stitch number other than 1, and end with a stitch
number other than the maximum.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::







              section 53
           crossword puzzles
  531. the method usually used for
transcribing crossword puzzles is to give a
list of the blank squares (i.e. the black
squares in print), down clues, and across
clues, so that braille users can build up their own
picture of the puzzle--usually with the aid of a
specially designed crossword puzzle board.
  532. a crossword should be introduced by a
paragraph similar to that given for sample
534a, explaining the layout conventions used. for
books of collected crosswords, this can be brailled
as a prefatory item, listed on the contents
page, and bearing a suitable heading, such as "note
on the brailling of crossword puzzles".
  533. square notation. the horizontal
rows are numbered consecutively, starting at the
top with row 1; columns are lettered
alphabetically, left to right, starting from a. the
third square from the left on the fourth row down
would thus be referred to as 4c (see sample
534a).
  534. layout.
  5341. the single word "blanks" is centred
on the line immediately following the preliminary
         53. crossword puzzles
paragraph (see 532), or initial heading.
the blank squares are then listed row by row as
follows: the word "line" is brailled beginning in
cell 1, followed by number 1 with a full stop
then a space. an alphabetical list of
blank square locations for that row then follows on
the same line, brailled as an unspaced sequence
prefixed by the letter sign. the letters within the sequence
are separated by hyphens (the letter sign is not
repeated). subsequent rows are brailled beneath
similarly, with the numbers aligned beneath the number
1, but without repeating the word "line". (see
sample 534a.)
  5342. the heading "clues" is centred on
the line immediately following the list of blank
squares, then the centred heading "across". clues
are then brailled as follows, each starting in cell
3 of a new line, with runovers in cell 1:
number of clue; full stop; space; the
location, in round brackets, of the square to hold
the first letter of the solution (see 533 for square
notation); space; text of clue, ending with a
full stop; space; the number of letters in the
solution, enclosed in round brackets.
  5343. the down clues appear immediately after
the across clues, and are transcribed in the same
way, except that they are headed "down".
         53. crossword puzzles
  5344. if suitable headings are used in
print other than "clues", "across" and "down",
then these may be substituted in 5342 and
5443.
  5345. the last item in each clue is a
number in round brackets giving how many letters there
are in the solution, and the format of the solution if more
than one word. for a single-word solution, this would
consist simply of the number of letters in the word. if
a solution comprises two or more words, the
bracketed numbers must reflect both how many
letters each word contains, and the order in which the words
occur. in such a case the numbers should be
separated by commas, or, where compound words are
indicated, by hyphens (see sample 534a).
  5346. solutions. crossword puzzle
solutions are brailled as two paragraphs, for the
across and down clues respectively. these should be
headed "across" and "down", unless headed otherwise
in the print. each paragraph is brailled
continuously in the form: solution number; full
stop; space; solution; semicolon; solution
number; ..., etc. each list ends with a full
stop (see sample 534a). solutions are
normally brailled with contractions.


         53. crossword puzzles
            sample 534a
            crossword puzzle
  in the following puzzle, the print number of
each clue is followed in brackets by the name of the
square which is to contain the first letter of the answer. in
order to identify the squares, regard the rows as
being numbered consecutively, starting at the top with
one, and the columns as being lettered alphabetically,
starting from the left with a. thus, the fourth square
from the left on the fifth row down would be referred
to as 5d, and the thirteenth square from the left on
the ninth row down would be referred to as 9m. the
number of letters in the answers is given in
brackets after each clue. the blank squares
are listed below.
                blanks
line 1. a-but-can-every-go-i-knowledge-more-not-o.
    2. a-o.
    3. a-can-every-go-i-knowledge-more-o.
    ...
    15. a-but-can-every-go-i-knowledge-more-not-o.
                clues
                 across
  6. (2b) everyone enjoying themselves sooner or
later. (3, 2, 4, 4)
  8. (4a) which roman interior reveals such
colourful intensity? (6)
         53. crossword puzzles
...
  25. (12a) listen, mr twist, to his
ballads. (8)
                 down
  1. (1c) browned-off at breakfast and
drunk at dinner. (5)
  7. (2a) bank clerk's home in the
wood? (8-5)
...
                solution
                 across
  6. all in good time; 8. chroma; ...;
25. minstrel.
                 down
  1. toast; ...; 7. ...; ....
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  535. as an alternative, it is possible
to display the crossword as an array, similar to the
print. this is only practicable for small
crosswords, but it is often the best method to use
for an isolated crossword where the reader would not be
expected to be familiar with the conventions of the above
method, and would find a direct approach more
convenient. this is likely to be the case for the
occasional small puzzle in a children's book. the
example below demonstrates a method which may be
used to set out such a crossword. the square
         53. crossword puzzles
bracketed note should be included, in order
to explain the method to the reader.
            sample 535a
  [in the following crossword puzzle, blanks
are shown as forfor, empty squares as --, and
numbered squares by their number.]

    forfor 1 -- 2 -- 3
    forfor -- forfor -- forfor --
    forfor -- forfor 4 -- --
    5 -- 6 forfor forfor --
    forfor 7 -- forfor forfor --
    forfor forfor 8 -- -- --
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::













              section 54
             correspondence
  541. the layout of original print letters should
in general be followed with regard to placement of
addresses, the salutation, valediction and
signature.
  542. addresses and other information centred on
headed paper may be represented in the same way
in the braille, formatted to adhere to the normal
maximum line length allowed for centred headings
for the page size used. if, however, this information is
long, it may in part or in full be treated by one
of the methods given in 543, or be brailled in
paragraph form.
  543. each line of an address on the
left-hand side of the page should start in cell 1
with runovers in cell 3. each line of an
address on the right-hand side of the page should start
in the same cell (about half-way or more across the
page), with runovers indented by two cells, andwiththe
longest line ending in the last cell. where print
places addresses both on the left and on the
right of the page at the same level, this may be
followed in braille using a clear gap of at least
5 cells between them. however, it may be necessary
to place one of these (normally the sender's address
          54. correspondence
on the right-hand side) on separate lines before the
other in braille so as to avoid excessive
runovers.
  544. the date should be placed on the left
or right as in print. if placed at the left
margin it should begin in cell 1. if placed on the
right it should begin in the same cell as the address
(if present), or else to finish in the last
cell. it is not necessary to separate the date from the
address by a blank line.
  545. if the salutation immediately follows
lines of address or the date on the left-hand
side of the page it should be preceded by a blank
line. a blank line is not required in other
cases. the salutation should begin in cell 1 if
placed on a separate line at the margin in
print, otherwise it can begin in cell 3 as a
normal paragraph. if the text of the letter starts
on a new line after the salutation in print, the
same method is used in braille, with the text beginning
in cell 3 of the next line.
  546. normal paragraphs within the letter begin
in cell 3 with runovers in cell 1. blank
lines between paragraphs are not reproduced unless
a facsimile representation is required.
  547. if the valediction and/or signature
follow the text of the letter directly on the same
          54. correspondence
line, the same procedure should be followed in
braille.
  548. if the valediction is on a separate
line at the left-hand margin in print it should be
placed in cell 1 and preceded by a blank line
to separate it from the text of the letter. if the
valediction is on a separate line at the right-
hand margin in print it should be placed on a new
line to end in the last cell. a blank line is not
required if the valediction is on the right-hand
side or centred.
  549. the signature is treated in the same
way as the valediction, following the placement used
in print. a preceding blank line is only
required if the valediction is absent and the
signature is placed in cell 1. where print
gives both a handwritten signature and the
printed name, this repetition is not normally necessary in
braille unless facsimile representation is
required. in the latter case the name can be given
both as signed and as printed, with the square
bracketed note [signature] added after the
signature to explain the distinction.
  5410. the address, date and salutation should
not be split by a page turn, nor separated from
at least one line of the text of the letter. this also
applies to the valediction and signature. this may
          54. correspondence
necessitate leaving several lines blank at the
bottom of a page.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::

























              section 55
                 forms
  551. this section deals with application forms,
legal forms, and similar, often with blank
spaces or boxes to fill in or mark. braille is
basically restricted to paragraph form as a
useful layout for this purpose, whereas the print
may use very complex arrangements of text and
boxes on the page. the basic strategy is
therefore to reproduce the information given in print,
but in general not the layout. it is not expected that
the braille version of the form will itself be used to answer on,
so answering spaces are not required, although some
indication of the presence of such spaces should be given
(see 553 below).
  552. paragraphs will normally be brailled as
usual starting in cell 3 with runovers in cell
1, even where hanging paragraphs or other
formats are used in print. in order to show the
hierarchy of items, sub-paragraphs may be
used beginning in cell 5 or 7, etc., with
runovers again normally in cell 1.
  5521. where several items are collected
together into a single paragraph in braille, punctuation,
such as commas, semicolons or full stops, should
be inserted if required to make the meaning clear
               55. forms
or to make the paragraph read more coherently.
  5522. it is not generally necessary to insert
punctuation such as full stops at the end of
information in paragraph form if omitted in print:
the print style should normally be observed. however,
insertion of punctuation is justified where it
becomes appropriate for clarity or consistency
because of the new format introduced in the braille. for
example, where information is collected into a
paragraph in braille and other similar paragraphs
in the form end with a full stop, then a full stop
would be appropriate in this case, for consistency.
  553. blank spaces to be filled in should
generally be marked by a long dash in braille, spaced as
a word, whether indicated in print by a dash, a
longer drawn line, a line of dots, a box,
or simply a space. it is not normally necessary
to indicate the length of the blank space or the
number of lines: the normal four cell long
dash will suffice in braille. it is not normally necessary
to precede the dash by a colon or other punctuation
mark if not done so in print, although in some cases
it may be worth doing so to improve clarity.
  554. blank boxes to be ticked may be
replaced by the word "box" in square brackets.
boxes with options, e.g. yesstno, can be brailled
with the options enclosed in square brackets. where a
               55. forms
long sequence of items or questions are accompanied
by identical boxes of this sort it will often be more
convenient not to explicitly indicate the boxes for
each item or question, but to state their presence in an
explanatory note before the sequence. for
example:
  [in print, the following questions are accompanied
by boxes to tick with the options yesstno.]
  555. tabular parts of the form consisting of
headings above blank spaces to be filled in may
either be set out as in print if there is room across
the page, or else be explained in a square
bracketed note. for example:
  [in print there follows a table to be filled
in. the headings are: name, address, date of
birth, occupation, marriedstsingle, number of children
(if applicable).]
  5551. if print requires a specific
number of sets of entries, this should be indicated
in braille. with the tabular method this can be done by giving
the appropriate number of rows of long dashes
beneath the column headings, although where the number of
rows would be large, it is best to explicitly show
just a few such rows, and then explain in a note that
print continues to show further blank spaces. when
the table is dealt with by explanation only, the
number of entries required can simply be
               55. forms
included in the square bracketed note.
  5552. as well as column headings there
may also be specific row headings: these will be shown
directly if the table is set out as in print;
or may otherwise be listed within or following the
explanatory note and explained accordingly. for
example:
  [in print there follows a table: for each of the
items listed below, there are spaces for entries
to be made under the headings: date purchased,
price paid.]
    car
    refrigerator
    cooker
    washing machine
    vacuum cleaner
    etc.
  556. where print uses a special
typeface (e.g. italics) for comments, etc.,
the distinction is often made more conveniently in some
other way in braille. if such comments are enclosed in
brackets in print, then it is generally
satisfactory for the brackets to be retained, but
for the italics to be ignored. brackets can also be
inserted in braille for this purpose even if not
present in the print. using such methods are
particularly appropriate if italics are
               55. forms
required in braille for some other purpose, e.g.
to show bold typeface used in print for
emphasis.
  557. notes.
  5571. marginal notes should normally be
inserted into the main body of the text in brackets
(either round or square), at appropriate
points. the choice of round or square brackets
will depend on what is used in the rest of the text:
using a distinct type of brackets for this
purpose will make these notes distinct for the reader.
consideration should be given to the use of these notes when
deciding upon their placement. clearly the reader will
need to read explanatory notes on how
to answer particular questions with the individual questions.
  55711. where the length of the marginal notes
is such that they would be too disruptive to insert into the
main text, note references may be used, and the
notes themselves collected into a separate section.
(see 5572.)
  5572. where notes are placed in separate
sections in the print, the same method should generally
be used in the braille. a separator such as a blank
line or 12 dot 2's may be used before the
notes if they have no heading. ordinary cell 3
to 1 format is suitable for just a few notes, but
cell 1 to 3 format is best for a longer series
               55. forms
of notes, since, with the numbers standing out,
individual notes can be located more quickly. it
is generally not necessary to give page and line
references. within the main text, note references
should be marked with an asterisk or dagger and numbered
in the normal way (see section 21). within the
transcription of the notes retain the asterisk before
the note number where there are only a few notes
and they are brailled as ordinary paragraphs, but where
they form a clearly identified section the asterisk
should be omitted.
  55721. in some cases note sections
appear in print as ordinary text with paragraphs
and sub-paragraphs, etc. such sections should be
treated as ordinary text in braille.
  5573. occasional footnotes can usually be
conveniently inserted into the main text in square
brackets at their point of reference. however, where
these are long and would be disruptive to the reader the
method of 5572 should be used.
  55731. where a footnote gives information
which is pertinent to reading the form as a whole, it is
best placed at the beginning of the form as a square
bracketed paragraph. for example, an
instruction "* delete as appropriate" which
refers to several items in the form marked with an
asterisk.
               55. forms
  558. indication of print page turns may
be useful in official forms even where pages are
unnumbered in print; for example, this information can
be important when discussing the content of the form with
sighted colleagues. for this purpose the print
page indicator, dot 5, colon, numeral
sign, should be centred in the normal way, but without
a page number.
  559. aspects of the form which cannot be
satisfactorily represented directly should be
explained in square bracketed notes.
  5510. application forms appearing at the
back of leaflets, etc., should normally be
retained, and be introduced by a square bracketed
note such as the following, after their heading (if
any):
  [the following is a transcription of the form
appearing in the print edition.]









               55. forms
           sample 5510a
           historic buildings
           preservation society
         application for membership
  [* ggdelete as appropriate.]
  name ----, district *1 ----.
  address ----, home tel. ----, work tel.
----.
  please state below your main areas of interest,
giving details of any projects you have
participated in. (include both uk and
abroad.)
  [a table with blanks to fill in is given in
print. the headings are: area of interest; date
*2; project.gg
  i dostdo not * have my own transport.
  i enclose my membership fee of l----.
[chequestcash] *
  signed ----, date ----.

  *1 refer to the society's handbook to
determine your district.
  *2 state the date when your own participation
started, not the date that the project as a whole
started.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,

               55. forms
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::























































              section 61
           genealogical tables
  611. genealogical tables may be
transcribed in paragraph form using the method
described below. the basic strategy is that each
paragraph gives the details about one person,
i.e. dates, marriages, children. it is not
normally necessary to give a separate paragraph
entry to any person in the table without children--the
details for this person are given in the entry for his
or her father or mother. apart from this case, each
person appearing in the table has a separate
paragraph entry, so that there will be a certain amount
of repetition of information between that entry and that of his
or her parents.
  612. genealogical tables should normally
begin on a new page (with the heading on line 2
or line 3 according to the general organisation of the
book).
  613. after the heading is given a square
bracketed note explaining any special
abbreviations used for the braille transcription. an
arrow is used in braille to indicate the line of
descent, so it will always be necessary to explain this
notation. it is not necessary to explain abbreviations
used in the print which are simply transcribed
        61. genealogical tables
directly. thus, if the print uses more.
to indicate marriage, this abbreviation is brailled in
the same way without any explanatory note,
unless the print itself explains the notation in a
key.
  614. the paragraphs giving the information for the
individuals in the table as stated in 611,
follow the square bracketed note. the sample
below (615a) shows the general method to be
used, but the following points should be noted in
particular.
  6141. punctuation should be inserted in the braille
to separate the information in a logical way.
semicolons are used to separate the information about
different children; commas are used (as a weaker form of
separator) between items within such information. if the
individual has more than one marriage, each
perhaps producing children, the information concerning the first
marriage can be ended with a full stop, before the
information about the second marriage.
  6142. any children (with their dates, etc.)
are stated, but not any offspring of those children--the
latter information is given in the children's own entry.
children (if more than one) should be numbered in order of
their birth. unless they are numbered in some other
way in the print, the normal practice is
to place these numbers in round brackets.
        61. genealogical tables
  6143. marriages should be numbered if more
than one, as in 6142.
  6144. if one of the children has a marriage
stated, but no offspring are stated in the table, then
the information about this marriage can be included in the
parents' entry, and that child will then not have an entry of
its own. if the child does have offspring stated, then the
marriage should not be included in the parents' entry,
but in the child's own entry.
  615. the general rule for the order in which the
paragraph entries are taken, is that the first
generation is given first, followed by the entries for the
second generation, then the entries for the third
generation, etc. however, when there are several
separate or almost separate strands in the table, it
is often clearer to complete a particular branch,
before going back to the main stem to continue with a
different branch. also, by taking entries or
branches in one order rather than another, it is
sometimes possible to avoid short branches or
single entries being too removed from their parents'
entry, so that the table is more cohesive to read.
given these guidelines, there will still generally be many
ways in which to order such tables.



        61. genealogical tables
            sample 615a
  [in this table, cono indicates line of
descent.]
  ferdinand, king of aragon, 1479-1516, more.
isabella, queen of castile, 1474-1504,
cono (1) john (do. 1497), more. margaret,
regent of the netherlands; (2) joanna the mad
(do. 1555); (3) catherine of aragon, more.
henry viii, king of england, 1509-47.
  joanna the mad (do. 1555) more. philip,
duke of burgundy (do. 1506), cono (1)
francis i, king of france, 1515-47, more.
eleanor; (2) charles v, emperor, 1519-
56; (3) isabella, more. christian ii, king
of denmark, 1513-23; ... etc.
  charles v, emperor, 1519-56, cono
philip ii, king of spain, 1556-98.
  philip ii, king of spain, 1556-98, cono
philip iii, king of spain, 1598-1621.
  ... etc.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::






              section 62
                 tables
  621. the following methods of setting out
tables are available:
    (a) tabulation.
    (b) paragraphing: each row is made into a
paragraph, with semicolons to separate the
columns.
    (c) indentation: items from the first column
start in cell 1, second column in cell
3, third column in cell 5, and so on (see
43314 for details of this method).
  622. positioning of tables.
  6221. the basic method is to place braille
tables at the end of the paragraph containing the first,
or main, reference to that table. design considerations
may have dictated a different position in print,
and you may therefore find that text from one print page
is followed by tabular matter from another print
page. in such cases, the print page indicator
is required both when starting the table, and after it
if turning back to a page that has already been
partly transcribed.
  62211. space loss can be minimized
by prudent placement of tables in braille. although the
basic method is to insert the table immediately after the
              62. tables
paragraph in which it is first referred to
(6221), additional paragraphs may be
brailled before a table which starts on the next braille
page in order to utilize what would otherwise be
blank space on the page. however, there may be
reasons which weigh against making such a
rearrangement, e.g. it may turn out that no
advantage is in fact gained because of the placement
of tables on subsequent pages.
  6222. if tables are numerous and/or
lengthy, and would make the text difficult
to follow if placed as described in 6221,
they may at the discretion of the editor be grouped at
the end of the relevant chapter or section.
  6223. if a table does not appear on the
same braille page as that on which it is first referred
to, a square bracketed braille page reference
should be inserted at that point in the braille to indicate
where it starts.
  6224. positioning of tables brailled
by tabulation (624). the tabulated body of
tables transcribed according to method (a) should not be
split by a turn of page if this can be avoided.
when the end of the paragraph in which the reference occurs
is reached, several lines may have to be left
blank, with the table starting at the top of the next
page. since facing page tables (see 6248
              62. tables
(d-- have to start on even numbered pages in
volumes embossed on both sides of the paper,
it may be necessary to leave an entire odd numbered
page blank to ensure that this is the case.
  62241. where possible, keys and similar
explanatory material read in conjunction with a
table should be kept on the same page as the body
of the table, so as to avoid the reader having to refer
to different pages when studying the table. this
applies both to when the information precedes and when it
follows the body of the table.
  62242. however, if the table starts with a
paragraph which is not of the nature of a key, the
paragraph (together with the table heading, if present)
should be brailled directly after the relevant
paragraph in the text; and the body of the table with
any key may then follow on the same page if
there is room, or else start on the next
page.
  62243. the print order of information belonging
to a table (i.e. preliminary matter, the main
body of the table, end matter) should normally be
followed in braille. however, if there is no
detriment to the sense, the information may be reordered
if this would result in the entire table being divided
over fewer pages. however, reordering is not
generally worthwhile merely to save space if the
              62. tables
table still has to be divided over the same number
of pages.
  6225. positioning of tables brailled in
paragraph form (625). in the case of tables
brailled in paragraph form, keys and similar
explanatory material read in conjunction with the
table should be kept on the same page as the first
row, so that the reader can use the key for at least one
row without having to refer to a different page. apart
from this, the table may be split in the same way as
normal paragraphed text.
  623. headings, sources, notes, and end
markers.
  6231. the heading is centred above the table in
braille, even if in print it appears beneath the table in
the form of a caption.
  6232. where a table has a short numbered
heading (e.g. "table 6"), followed by a lengthy
descriptive sub-heading, the short heading should be
centred, but the descriptive sub-heading may be
brailled as a side heading starting in cell 3.
  6233. if the body of a table (i.e. the
tabulated information, including the column headings)
starts in cell 1, a blank line separator
should normally be used when it immediately follows other
text in cell 1 (see 1352 (ii--. this
applies whether the text preceding it is part of the
              62. tables
normal text, is a note or key belonging to the
table, or is a side heading with a runover.
  62331. if the entries in the table start in
cell 1, but this position is unoccupied on the
first line (for example if there is no heading for the
first column, but there are headings on other
columns), the blank line separator is not
required for small tables, but should be used for
larger tables so as to set the table off prominently.
  62332. if the table is indented, e.g. in
cell 5, the blank line is not required for
small tables, but should be used for larger tables so as
to set the table off prominently.
  62333. the blank line is not required
in any of these cases if it comes at a braille
page turn.
  62334. the blank line is not required
if the body of the table immediately follows a centred
heading.
  6234. the source of a table on a separate
line in print is brailled as a paragraph, and
enclosed in brackets or not, according to the style of the
print.
  6235. the source may be placed before or
after the table, according to the print (but see
62243). if the source directly follows
the table, it is separated from the last row of
              62. tables
tabulated matter by one blank line.
  6236. notes are brailled according to 213.
notes following a table set out by tabulation should
normally be separated from it by a blank line. in
addition to any notes given in print, it will
generally be necessary to give braille notes explaining
any special devices used to transcribe the
table. such cases are indicated in the paragraphs
below. notes added in the braille should normally be
placed before the table as a separate square
bracketed paragraph from any notes given in the
print.
  6237. twelve commas are centred to mark the
end of each table, unless
    (a) the end of the table coincides with the end of a
chapter, in which case only the colons are used;
    (b) the end of the table coincides with an end
of box marker (see 136), in which case only
the end of box marker is used;
    (c) the table ends on the last line of a braille
page, in which case the twelve commas are
omitted.
  the twelve commas follow sources and notes
belonging to the table.
  624. tabulation. (see sample
624a)
  6241. in this method, the table is set out
              62. tables
similarly to the print, with the columns aligned
vertically. at least two clear spaces should
normally be left between columns, although where space
is short, it is permissible to just leave one clear
cell between columns. column entries should
generally be aligned on their left-hand cells, but
where columns of figures are to be summed or
otherwise worked on down the columns, the
figures should be aligned on their right-hand digits
or on their decimal points as appropriate.
plus and minus signs preceding figures are
generally brailled to stand out from the normal alignment,
i.e. the figures are aligned as usual with the
plus or minus signs appended at the beginning.
runovers to column entries should be indented by one
or two cells from the start of the entry.
  6242. column headings are normally
left-aligned with the column, rather than being centred
over the column. however, where a heading covers
two or more subheadings, it should be centred over those
subheadings. in the latter case, it is often
advantageous to give a line of colons beneath the
centred heading of such length as to show over which
columns it extends. for example,



              62. tables
     type a type b
::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
11 12 11 13
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
etc. italics should generally be ignored for
column headings, except where it is used in
print to pick out particular words, etc.
  62421. when a column of figures has
plus or minus signs on some entries, the
heading should be left aligned with the numbers (i.e.
with the numeral signs), not with the plus or minus
signs. the latter will therefore stand out on the left.
  6243. it will often be necessary to abbreviate
column headings due to lack of space, and these
abbreviations should be explained in a key given in
square brackets before the body of the table. if
possible, it is best to use abbreviations which stem
naturally from the wording of the column headings, as these
are easier to recognize than abstract
abbreviations. thus "car industry" might be
abbreviated to "car ind" or "ci" etc., according
to the amount of space available. the wording in the key
may be similar to the following:
  [key for the column headings: ci ggcar
industry; sl ggsport and leisure; fc
ggfood and catering.]
              62. tables
  6244. row headings are aligned on the
left, just as for column entries. subentries
are indented according to rank, with all runovers indented
by one step further than the start of the lowest ranking
subentry. whether 1 cell or 2 cells is
used as the basic unit of indentation depends on
how much space is available. if a row heading
has a runover, the row entries should be placed
on the runover line (or the last runover line
if more than one), not on the first line of the heading. as
in 6243. it may be necessary to abbreviate row
headings, and a similar method is used.
  6245. leadlines consisting of dot 3's should
be used to bridge horizontal gaps between
entries, or between row headings and entries, if of
4 or more cells. one blank cell should be left
before and after the leadline, so that for a gap of four
cells, the leadline consists of just two dot
3's. this is the minimum.
  62451. for tables where columns of
figures are to be summed or otherwise worked
vertically, for example, balance sheets,
leadlines should not be brailled to cross over blank
columns since this obscures the column format:
the leadlines should stop before the first column of
figures.
  62452. when columns of figures are
              62. tables
aligned on the right, leadlines preceding the
column should all stop two cells before the longest
entry, and should not project into the column itself.
(see sample 624a.)
  6246. blank entries in tables should
generally be marked by a dash (long or short),
whether or not this is done in the print. there are
circumstances, however, where the format is better
appreciated without inserting dashes for blanks. this
is usually the case for balance sheets, etc.,
where it is best to leave empty parts of columns
clear.
  6247. a horizontal line shown in print
below a column of figures before its total should be
brailled as a line of colons of the corresponding
length.
  6248. if the body of a table is too
large to fit on a page the following methods
may be employed as appropriate:
    (a) the table may be inverted, so that
columns are brailled as rows, and vice versa.
    (b) the table may be split into sections.
row headings should be repeated for each section for
tables divided vertically (i.e. for wide
tables), and column headings should be repeated for
each section for tables divided horizontally
(i.e. for long tables). it may be advisable
              62. tables
to repeat a key column for each section, so that the
information is more easily read. for example, if a
table gives various figures across the rows
corresponding to the dates in the first column, and the
table is split vertically into two sections, the
column of dates should be repeated for the second
section. if more than one section appears on the
same braille page, a blank line should be used
to separate the sections. when a table is split
into sections this method should be explained in a
square bracketed note before the body of the table.
if a very large table is split over many braille
pages, a key giving page numbers explaining
the location of the different sections should be given.
    (c) in addition to allowing only one cell
between columns, extra space may be saved
by omitting numeral signs in columns of
figures. this device must be explained in a
square bracketed note before the body of the table.
    (d) the table may be brailled across facing
pages. for this, the usual tabulation method given
above is used, except that twice as much space
is available horizontally. when producing double-
sided braille one must ensure that the table starts on
an even numbered page (i.e. a left-hand
page), so that the table is presented properly when
the book is open. when producing single-sided
              62. tables
braille, the table can start on an odd or an even
page; the first page of the table is bound the "wrong
way" on the right-hand side so that it faces the
following page. the page information line on each
page is as usual. the table heading and any
preliminary information only appear on the left-
hand page (with the usual single-page format for
centring and paragraphs); final information and the 12
dot 2's only appear on the right-hand page
(with the usual single-page format). rows are to be
read smoothly across both pages, so it is necessary
to ensure that the continuation of each row on the left-
hand page is brailled on the corresponding line
on the right-hand page. in order to facilitate
reading across the two pages, either the last column
on the left-hand page should be arranged to end in the
last cell, or else leadlines should be used from that
column to the last cell. the first column on the
right-hand page should begin in cell 1. entries should
not be split across the two pages: divide between
columns. headings should not be brailled across the two
pages. when this method is used, it should be
explained in a square bracketed note with words
such as "[the following table is to be read across
facing pages.]" when producing single-sided
braille, the transcriber should clearly mark the
sheets which are to be bound as facing pages. it should
              62. tables
be noted that it may not be possible to produce
satisfactory results with certain double sided
braille embossers, since the misalignment of the
left-hand and right-hand pages may be too great.
when this is the case, some other method must be used.
            sample 624a
              table 591
  distribution of number of claims on
100'jjj motor vehicle comprehensive
policies.
  [key to the column headings: claims
ggnumber of claims; policies ggobserved
number of policies; nb ggnegative
binomial.]
                   fitted frequencies
claims policies poisson nb
0 ...' 88'ehe 88'daa 88'eig
1 ...' 10'egg 10'hij 10'edd
2 ...' 779 671
3 ...' 54 27
4 ...' 4 1
5 ...' 1 ---- ----
6 ...' ---- ---- ----
total 100'jjj 100'jjj 100'jjj

  source: do. liddy (personal communication).
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
              62. tables
  [note: leadlines are left clear of
column 2, which is to be summed.]
  625. paragraphing. (see sample
625a.)
  6251. as stated in 621, this treats each
row as a continuous paragraph, with row entries
separated by semicolons. this means that the column
format of the print table is lost, so it will not
normally be a suitable method where this feature of the
format is important for comparison or computation,
etc. this method is of particular use for wide
arrays (since there is no limit to row length),
and for tables with entries consisting of longer items of
information.
  6252. it will be necessary to give an initial
square bracketed paragraph explaining the
nature and order of the information given. it is
generally best to express this as a "template"
separating the descriptions by the punctuation signs
used in the actual paragraph entries. where
figures or other items fall into groups, it
may be clearest to separate items within the groups
by commas, and separate the groups by semicolons.




              62. tables
            sample 625a
       the beaufort scale of wind force
  [the following table has been brailled in
paragraph form. each entry gives: beaufort
number; wind; effect on land; speed in
mile/h; speed in knots.]
  0; calm; smoke rises vertically; less
than 1; less than 1.
  1; light air; direction shown by smoke but not
by wind vanes; 1-3; 1-3.
  2; light breeze; wind felt on face,
leaves rustle, wind vanes move; 4-7;
4-6. etc.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  note that as in the above example, it may
sometimes be necessary to alter the print punctuation (in
this case changing semicolons to commas), so that no
confusion arises in the use of punctuation as
separators in the braille.
  6253. the following sample shows how the
method can also be used in a more flexible way in
order to present the information in the most convenient
manner. if the table below were treated simply as in
sample 625a, the sequence of figures within
paragraphs would be rather long to read in conjunction with
an over-repetitive key. it is not possible,
however, to give any fixed rules on the best
              62. tables
way to treat tables using such methods, each case
has to be taken on its own merits. the general
aim is to try to present the information in a form which will
be easily assimilated by the reader, but yet
preserves the basic structure and wording of the
print table.
            sample 625b
  [the pairs of figures given for each of the
ordinary level subjects listed below are no. of
cands. and conp abc grades respectively. the
total (including overseas) entry gives no. of
cands., no. of abc grades, conp abc
grades, respectively.]
  art.
    home centres: total: 15'daa,
56,9 conp; males: 7'afb, 55,5 conp;
females: 8'bdi, 58,1 conp
    overseas centres: 74, 51,4 conp
    total (including overseas): 15'dhe,
8'hjf, 56,9 conp
  art and crafts.
    home centres: total: 2'bba,
66,7 conp; males: 859, 60,2 conp;
females: 1'cfb, 70,9 conp etc.
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  626. indentation. this method is explained in
43314. it is of most use when the information
              62. tables
consists of longer items of text, which are not
easily tabulated in braille, and for which the basic
paragraph method above (625) would make it
difficult to quickly locate the separate items
within a continuous paragraph.
                         [march 1998]
             ::::::::::::


















































              section 63
               flowcharts
  631. the following example illustrates a
method for transcribing flowcharts. this is often
useful since it is self-explanatory and
avoids the need to make a tactile diagram.
however there will be cases where the diagrammatic
approach is more appropriate, for example where
the author expressly refers to the flowchart in
spacial terms, or where the diagrammatic
presentation is part of the subject matter under
discussion.
  632. it is normally unnecessary to distinguish
different shapes of box in a flowchart since the
contents and connections of boxes will imply their
roles sufficiently. however, in cases where it
is necessary, a key can be introduced and the box
numbers marked accordingly at the beginning of their
entries.
  633. the boxes are numbered in braille; and the
flow into boxes is indicated using brackets, the
flow out of boxes is indicated using arrows,
by reference to those numbers. the method in the sample
uses 3 blank spaces after the contents of a
box, and 2 blank spaces after annotation on a
line (e.g. yes or no). the purpose of the
             63. flowcharts
spaces is to clearly demarcate the different
elements (which may otherwise become ambiguous).
each box entry begins in cell 1 with runovers
in cell 3. the flowchart would normally be ended by a
centred line of 12 dot 2's within ordinary
text.
            sample 633a
         how to pack a suitcase.
  [in the following, the boxes have been numbered
from one to six. numbers in brackets indicate the
number of the preceding box.]

1: start cono 2
2 (1): empty case cono 3
3 (2, 5): place object in case cono

4 (3): cross object off list cono 5
5 (4): is list empty? yes cono 6;
  no cono 3
6 (5): stop
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::






              section 71
              word division
  711. the dividing of words by hyphenation must be
carried out with great care, since confusion can be
caused to the inexperienced reader, or to the reader who
uses one hand only. it should be noted that hyphenation
does not usually save as much space as might be
thought, especially as the use of certain contractions
is not permitted before a hyphen.
  712.
  7121. compound words, i.e. words which carry a
hyphen regardless of their position on the line,
may readily be divided at the hyphen; it is
therefore not desirable to divide such a word at a
point near to the hyphen.
  7122. when transcribing a word which has an
end-of-line hyphen in the print, the transcriber
must make a decision (with the aid of a dictionary if
necessary) as to whether that word is compound or single; in
other words, whether or not to leave the hyphen
intact. if the word exists both hyphenated and
unhyphenated, then discretion must be used.
  713. there are many instances where word division
is permissible according to the rules of the primer, but where
a decision on hyphenation could be controversial. in
such cases, word division should not be attempted. for
            71. word division
example, one syllable may be divided from
another syllable by one consonant; in the majority
of such cases it is better not to divide at that
point than to cause possible confusion of
pronunciation by hyphenation. examples: level,
floral, sausage. in any case, it should be
noted that one would divide after, rather than before a
vowel.
  714. prefixes such as in, un, re,
pre, pro, con, are readily split from the
root word. suffixes may be similarly treated,
as long as they begin with a consonant.
  715. the transcriber should endeavour to avoid
unnecessary short lines, i.e. for normal width
braille (38 or 40 cells) lines which have more than
10 unfilled spaces. this figure may be
reduced for a narrower format, e.g. 7 cells for a
28 cell width. however, this principle should not be
implemented so as to produce a great deal of
hyphenation; it may be largely inapplicable in
certain types of text where expressions are
long, e.g. mathematics texts, or when
transcribing grade 1 braille or foreign
material.
  716. notwithstanding 715, transcriptions which
are to be input directly into a computer for editing
and correcting (excluding pre-translated text
            71. word division
entry), should avoid word divisions which cause a
word to be written differently from the unified
entity. such divisions will cause difficulty if
reformatting becomes necessary.
  717. the "rule of thumb" to follow is: if
in doubt, do not divide.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::

















































              section 72
          proofreading practice
  721. if a proof is to be corrected by a
person other than the proofreader, a detailed
correction list should be made. the standard format for a
correction list is:
  7211. the list is headed with the date and the
initials of the proofreader, both at the right-hand end
of a line or lines, followed by the title of the
proof (abbreviated if desired), volume
number or serial number if appropriate,
all centred on subsequent lines. the date of the
start of the current correction list is usually the
most helpful date to put.
  7212. each error or category of
errors starts in cell 1 with a page and line
reference, or in cell 3 with a line reference
only, if the page has already been stated. all
runovers are in cell 5.
           sample 7212a
p110 the for: and
  26 out for: have
             ,,,,,,,,,,,,
  7213. a correction can usually be stated in
the form "x for: y", where x is the incorrect
version and y the corrected one. (see
        74. proofreading practice
7212a). it is advisable to include any
punctuation attached to a word. longer phrases
may need to be given when stating corrections for
computer braille files when reformatting is likely,
in order to aid location.
  7214. an omission may be preceded by the
italicised word "omission:"; similarly with a
repetition. the omitted or repeated words are then
placed between the words which precede and follow them. if
the omission or repetition is at the beginning or
end of a paragraph, the rule is modified so that
only the following or preceding word is required,
as appropriate. a longer omission can be
indicated by giving the first few words, an
ellipsis, the last few words, and a print page
reference. in this case it is also helpful to mark the
relevant passage on the print copy in
pencil.
  7215. with proofs which are to be corrected
manually, it is helpful to give an indication on
the correction list of any sheets which must be re-
written by the corrector.
  7216. suspected errors (often arising as
a result of reading without the print) are indicated
by the use of a query in brackets, after one
space, at the end of the correction. it is also
helpful to specify the nature of the query, e.g.
        74. proofreading practice
misspelling, misprint, transposed word, etc.
  722.
  7221. when making a correction list for
computer-produced material, a different
approach is employed in order to facilitate
editing of the computer file. a phrase such as:
"delete line n and replace with: ..." may be
more helpful than trying to reproduce a line of
rubbish cell for cell. but when using the above
method, care must be taken to give accurate line
references, and to indicate that the line in question is
scrambled, otherwise the wrong line might be
deleted.
  7222. a recurrent error may sometimes be
corrected using a global edit, if the
correct version takes no more space than the
incorrect one: care must be taken not to exceed the
given line length (see section 2) when
correcting a braille file. when the correct version
takes less space than the error it may still be
necessary to re-centre affected headings, or readjust
other alignments.
  7223. a simple formatting error in the
untranslated text file will sometimes produce
strange layout in the braille, and this type of error
is often easy to rectify (see 726). some knowledge
of the format codes used in text files is
        74. proofreading practice
helpful.
  723. it is always advisable to proofread
diagrams with the braille text, in order to ensure that
consistency of braille coding, etc. is maintained, and
that no information is omitted or duplicated. this
is of particular importance when the braille text and
diagrams are produced by different
transcribers.
  724. text proofread in galley form,
i.e. not divided into volumes, will inevitably have
certain items absent or not in their final form,
e.g. title pages, contents pages, braille
page references, page information lines. it should not
be necessary to list these as errors at the initial
proofreading stage as they are implicit in the
process, and are the responsibility of the
transcriber or transcribers to complete. of
course, if any of these deficiencies are found
in a piece of work which is supposed to be
complete, it must be noted as an error as usual.
  725.
  7251. proofreaders working from home should send
in a correction list with each volume. matters
needing immediate or specific attention should not form part
of the correction list, but should be dealt with at
once--by telephone if necessary.
  7252. in order to give more immediate feedback
        74. proofreading practice
to transcribers, home proofreaders should send in
a short report after reading the first and last
volumes of a book, so that further occurrences of a
repeated error can be avoided.
  726.
  7261. computer-translated braille is
produced by putting a file of text through a
computer program. the original text file must
contain format codes to enable the program to lay the
braille out as desired, although some programs are able
to use word processor codes in the text file
for this purpose. for work which has a straightforward
layout, the process produces few errors, and
those that do occur can often be rectified by inserting or
changing a format code. for example, format
codes may intercede between two or more letters
to prevent contracting in a case where the program
would normally produce a contraction.
  7262. when correcting a document
translated by computer, it may be necessary for the
proofreader to give more details on the correction
list, as although many computer errors are predictable,
such programs do, occasionally, throw up
unexpected errors which will need to be specified
at greater length.
  7263. unless the program has a
facility for editing braille, corrections should be done
        74. proofreading practice
on the text file and the translation re-run,
whenever possible. however, the program may not be
able to circumvent certain errors, and there are other
errors which it is simply uneconomical
to rectify at the text file stage. in these
cases the translated file (braille file) should be
corrected, but after that no further computer
translating should be attempted.
  7264. the contents page should, if necessary, be
re-checked for accuracy if changes to format
codes have been made, or if omissions have had
to be inserted into the text file, since page
numbering may have been altered. other items which
may need to be checked include page information
lines in an index, and braille and line references in
notes.
                      [january 1995]
             ::::::::::::
                 the end









 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
